1. Explain how the structure of the items relate to their functions.
Q.Q. 4/24/19
Explain how the structure of the items relate to their functions.

2. Ch. 40 Intro to Animal Form and Function

3. Form and Function Anatomy- The study of structures
Physiology- The study of functions
- There is a strong correlation between form and function.

4. Animal Form and Function
Tissues: Groups of cells with a common purpose
Types of tissues:
1. Epithelial- Sheets of cells, tightly packed together
- Covers the outside of the body and lines organs and body cavities

6. Types of tissues:
2. Connective- Bind and support other tissues (a web of fibers)
Collagenous- Nonelastic, keeps the skin where it is supposed to be
Elastic- Keeps skin resilient and stretchy
Reticular- Connected to collagen and connects it to other tissues
Blood is considered a connective tissue!
Bone, cartilage and adipose (fat) tissue are connective tissues

8. Types of tissues:
3. Muscle- The most abundant tissue type in mammals *skeletal, smooth, cardiac
4. Nervous- Senses and transmit information; coordinates responses
Organs and Organ Systems- Organizes tissues into major functions

9. Animals use energy to sustain form and function
Metabolic rate- Amount of energy an organism uses in a given amount of time

10. Thermoregulation Strategies
SOURCE of heat decides what strategy

11. Endotherms “warm-blooded”
Endothermic (regulator)- Bodies mainly warmed by cellular respiration.
Have a fast metabolism in comparison with ectotherms.
Smaller animals metabolize faster.

12. Ectotherms “cold-blooded”
- Ectothermic (conformer)- Gains heat from external sources (ie- the sun)

13. Hibernation, Torpor, and Estivation
Survival mechanisms to conserve energy in animals during extreme temperatures
Activity is low and metabolism is very slow.
Hibernation- heavy, voluntary sleep in long winters (bats, squirrels)
Torpor – lighter sleep than hibernation; not voluntary (bears)
Estivation - lighter sleep to avoid
extreme heat/ summer/desert
(crabs, crocodiles) Differences