1. Volume 30, Issue 5, Pages 684-695 (May 2009)
The Molecular Basis for Perforin Oligomerization and Transmembrane Pore Assembly 
Katherine Baran, Michelle Dunstone, Jenny Chia, Annette Ciccone, Kylie A. Browne, Christopher J.P. Clarke, Natalya Lukoyanova, Helen Saibil, James C. Whisstock, Ilia Voskoboinik, Joseph A. Trapani 
Immunity 
Volume 30, Issue 5, Pages (May 2009)
DOI: /j.immuni
Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1 Two Views of the Structure of C8α
(A) The position of residues mutated in this study (see Table S1) are indicated by spheres and are numbered with PRF numbering (see Figure S4 for an alignment between PRF and C8α). D191, R213, and E343 are highlighted in blue (R) and red (D and E). Mutation of these residues results in a postsynaptic defect. The G and H helices are colored pink and are labeled.
(B) Substitution of residue R213 results in a postsynaptic defect in PRF lysis. Mouse PRF residue R213 was substituted with a hydrophobic (L) or charged (K or E) amino acid of similar size, and the cytotoxicity of PRF-transfected RBL-2H3 cells against Jurkat target cells was analyzed in a 4 hr 51Cr-release assay at the E:T ratios indicated. The data points represent the mean ± SD of the triplicate assay and are representative of at least three independent experiments.
(C) Immunoblots showing PRF expression in the RBL-2H3 transfectant cells tested in (B). Actin staining was used to demonstrate equivalent protein loading.
(D) The lytic activity of WT- and R213E-PRF. SRBC (top) and Jurkat (bottom) cell lysis assays were each performed with equal quantities of WT- and R213E-PRF at 37°C for 20 min in buffer containing 2 mM calcium. Data points represent data pooled from at least three experiments performed on different days ± SD.
Immunity  , DOI: ( /j.immuni )
Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Calcium-Dependent Plasma Membrane Binding and Kinetics of WT- and R213E-PRF-Mediated Lysis
(A) Immunoblot analysis showing membrane-bound PRF after equal amounts (150 ng) of WT- and R213E-PRF were incubated with SRBC and various concentrations of calcium at 4°C. The input lane contains purified PRF alone without the addition of any membranes.
(B) A SRBC lysis assay measuring Hb release in response to equal amounts of WT and R213E-PRF was performed at 37°C for 20 min in the presence of 2 mM calcium or mM calcium. The data are representative of at least three experiments performed on different days.
(C) The kinetics of WT- and R213E-PRF lysis. SRBC lysis assays performed at 37°C with equal quantities (400 ng) of WT- and R213E-PRF.
(D) SRBC lysis assays performed at 22°C for 20, 40, 60, or 120 min with equal quantities of WT- and R213E-PRF. Data are representative of at least three experiments ± SD of the triplicate assay.
Immunity  , DOI: ( /j.immuni )
Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3
Reduced Incorporation of Monomeric R213E-PRF into Polyperforin, Compared with WT-PRF
(A) Equal amounts of WT- and R213E-PRF (1 μg) were incubated with SRBC at 4°C or 37°C for up to 20 min and both the membrane-inserted polymeric PRF (∼1000 kDa) and monomeric membrane-bound PRF (65 kDa) were visualized by silver-stained SDS-PAGE. The input lane contains purified PRF alone without the addition of SRBC. The data are representative of experiments performed a minimum of three times on different days.
(B) Immunoblot analysis comparing membrane-bound monomeric PRF (65 kDa) after equal amounts of WT- and R213E-PRF (150 ng) were incubated with SRBC at 4°C or 37°C for up to 20 min. The data are representative of western blot experiments performed seven times on different days.
(C) Immunoblots from seven similar experiments were scanned and densitometry was used to compare the levels of membrane-bound R213E- and WT-PRF remaining unincorporated into polyperforin after incubation at 37°C. The signal for membrane-bound PRF at 37°C was plotted relative to membrane-bound PRF at 4°C. Data represent the mean ± SD of densitometry measurements pooled from seven experiments performed on different days.
Immunity  , DOI: ( /j.immuni )
Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

5. Figure 4 Analyzing the Size and Function of WT- and R213E-PRF Pores
(A) Indo-1AM-labeled Jurkat cells were exposed to equal concentrations of WT- and R213E-PRF, or concentrations resulting in equal cell lysis (35%) for 20 min at 37°C in buffer containing 1 mM calcium. Calcium flux was determined by the ratio of violet:blue wavelengths over time, via flow cytometry. Only viable (PI-negative) cells were analyzed. A software program designed by V. Gromov (IT Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre) allowed an average readout of 10 data points to be plotted per unit time. This represented an average of 60–70,000 cells at a flow rate of 80–120 cells/s. A trendline was drawn as an approximation of calcium flux. The data are representative of experiments performed a minimum of three times on different days.
(B) Representative negative stain electron microscopy images of pores formed by recombinant WT- or R213E-PRF in bilamellar liposomes. Both PRFs formed pores of similar shape and size, with diameters ranging from 14 to 22 nm.
(C) Apoptosis induced by purified gzmB and PRF. The proapoptotic effect of human gzmB (25–50 nM) was assessed in synergy with equal concentrations of WT- or R213E-PRF, or with PRF concentrations adjusted to produce equal levels of cell lysis when used alone. Apoptotic Jurkat cells were enumerated by flow cytometry measuring Annexin+PI double-positive cells. Data are representative of at least three experiments performed on different days.
Immunity  , DOI: ( /j.immuni )
Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

6. Figure 5
The Effect of Amino Acid Substitutions at Residue D191 on Mouse PRF Function
(A) D191 was substituted with hydrophobic (V), charged (K), or polar (S) amino acids of similar size, and the cytotoxicity of PRF-transfected RBL-2H3 cells against Jurkat target cells was analyzed in a 4 hr 51Cr-release assay at the E:T ratios indicated. The data shown are the mean ± SD of the triplicate assay and are representative of at least three independent experiments.
(B) Western blotting showing the levels of PRF expression in transfected RBL-2H3 cells. Actin staining was used to demonstrate equivalent protein loading.
(C) Measured Hb release after equal quantities of WT- and D191V-PRF were incubated with SRBC at 37°C (top) and 22°C (bottom) for 20 min in buffer containing 2 mM calcium. Data are representative of at least three experiments performed on different days ± SD of the triplicate assay.
(D) Western blot analysis showing a marked increase of membrane-bound D191V-PRF remaining in the monomeric form (65 kDa) compared to WT-PRF, after equal amounts were incubated with SRBC at 4°C or 37°C for up to 20 min. The data are representative of experiments performed a minimum of four times on different days.
Immunity  , DOI: ( /j.immuni )
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7. Figure 6 Molecular Model of the Interactions between PRF Monomers
Three PRF monomers are shown. Our data predict that R213 and E343 form a salt bridge (dashed lines) in the PRF oligomer. A schematic is also shown in Figure S5.
Immunity  , DOI: ( /j.immuni )
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8. Figure 7 The Lytic Activity of WT-, R213E-, E343R-, or R213E+E343R-PRF
(A and B) Hb released from SRBC after incubation with equal quantities of WT-, R213E-, E343R-, and R213E/E343R-PRF at 37°C (A) or 22°C (B) for 20 min in buffer containing 2 mM calcium. The data are representative of at least three experiments performed on different days ± SD of the triplicate assay.
(C) Immunoblot comparing the recovery of membrane-bound PRF monomers (65 kDa) after equal amounts of WT-, E343R-, and R213E/E343R-PRF were incubated with SRBC at 4°C or 37°C for up to 20 min. Data are representative of experiments performed a minimum of four times on different days.
(D) The activity of R213E-PRF was restored to its maximal level relative to WT-PRF when a 22°C reaction similar to that shown in (B) was followed by a further 20 min incubation at 37°C.
Immunity  , DOI: ( /j.immuni )
Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions