1. Ch.21 LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS

2. LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS: MENU
CAUSES
COUNTRIES
LEADERS
EFFECTS

3. CAUSES PROBLEMS OF THE THE SPANISH EMPIRE ENLIGHTENMENT THE THE
AMERICAN
REVOLUTION
THE
FRENCH
REVOLUTION

4. PROBLEMS IN THE SPANISH EMPIRE
The creoles were frustrated by:
1.Economic problems: high taxes, imperial monopolies
2.Political & economic power belonged to colonial officials( peninsulares).
( political power-the Council of the Indies whose directives were executed by the viceroys).

5. SOCIAL HIERARCHY Peninsulares: Creoles: Native Spaniards
People of pure
European blood
But born in the
New World P C
M & M
I & A
Mulattos:
African +
European blood
Mestizos:
Indian +
European
blood
Indians and Africans
CAUSES

6. THE ENLIGHTENMENT
BEFORE: Kings are placed on the throne by God. Only God can remove them.
Government is based on a contract between the ruler and the ruled.
Government exists to protect the citizens’ natural rights of life, liberty, & property.
If the government violates the natural rights of the people, the citizens have a right to revolt against that tyranny.
CAUSES

7. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
* The success of the American Revolution showed others that colonies could succeed in overthrowing their more powerful mother countries.
CAUSES

8. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Napoleon invaded Spain(1807-1808)
dissenters in Venezuela, Mexico, Bolivia overthrew Spanish colonial official ( ).
Spain regained control
2nd wave of revolutions began in 1810.
MENU
CAUSES

9. SANMARTIN
BOLIVAR
LEADERS
HIDALGO
MORELOS

10. LEADERS
Venezuela( S.Bolivar)
revolutionary Junta declared independence in 1811.
Junta pursued only creoles 'interests
Spanish rallied free blacks & slaves to defend their empire.
S.Bolivar became the leader of the Junta
He gained new allies( slaves, free blacks);1824,he defeated Sp.armies.
Liberated modern day:Venezuela, Colombia,Ecuador, Peru & Bolivia.
Plan for a federated L.America was crushed by political –fighting( 1830)

11. Argentina:J.de San Martin
LEADERS
Argentina:J.de San Martin
Spain’s king’s abdication led to the organization of a Junta that overthrown the viceroy( 1810).
1816, the king regained his throne, but Junta declared Argentina’s independence as the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata.
Weak government, chaos.
San Martin freed Chile (coming from S), failed in Peru( freed by Bolivar coming from N).

12. Mexico: Miguel Hidalgo
LEADERS
1810,Mexico-the richest Spain’s colony.
1 phase:16 Sept. 1810:a priest, M.Hidalgo led the population against the Spanish authorities; executed( 1811).

13. JOSE MORELOS 2nd phase : the rebellion was led by J.M.Morelos.
1813-Mexico was declared independent, got a constitution.
( equality of classes, abolished slavery)
1815, Morelos executed.
3rd phase:
1821, colonel Agustin de Iturbide declared Mexico’s independence( Itubide-emperor).
1823-Mexico –republic.
LEADERS
MENU

14. Brazil king John VI of Portugal ruled from Brazil( 1808-1821).
LEADERS
Brazil
king John VI of Portugal ruled from Brazil( ).
his son, Pedro ruled as regent until 1822, when he declared Brazil an independent Constitutional monarchy.
Pedro I ( )
Was against slavery, tried to control Uruguay by military force
1831, forced to abdicate in the favor of his son, Pedro II
1889, Brazil became a republic.

15. POLITICAL
INTERNATIONAL
EFFECTS
ECONOMIC

16. POLITICAL: THE CAUDILLOS
By L. America was ruled by caudillos.
WHY?
The upper classes supported dictatorship because it kept the lower classes out of power.
The lower classes did not have experience with democracy. Dictatorship seemed normal.
EFFECTS
Regionalism led to creation of new states

17. INTERNATIONAL: THE MONROE DOCTRINE
“The American continents…are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.” - James Monroe, 1823

18. ECONOMIC: Colonial economy
U.S. & Great Britain are the new economic partners.
L.America-exported cash crops, raw materials, imported manufactured goods.
Dependent of wealthy countries.
European and North American corporations will control most major industries: Railroad, mining, telecommunication. It will lead to continued underdevelopment and more “revolutions” (Mexico 1910)

19. AN IMBALANCE OF TRADE
As the imbalance of trade grew, Latin American countries took out large loans from the U.S., Britain, and Germany to build infrastructure.
When the countries could not pay back their loans, foreign lenders gained control of major industries in Latin America.

20. THE QUESTION OF LAND AT LEAST, DID THE SOCIAL PYRAMID CHANGE? NO!
Spaniards expelled
Land for sale
Only rich( creoles) could afford to buy it
The creoles replaced the peninsulares at the top of the social pyramid, but other classes remained at the bottom of the ladder.
EFFECTS

21. Before After Political Economic Social They were colonies
Organized in viceroyalties
Led by viceroys
Got independence
Led by military dictators called Caudillos
No democracy, lower classes no rights
Political
Economic
Social
Unequal trade relationship with Great Britain and the U.S. benefiting
top-Native Spaniards
Middle-creoles
Bottom: the rest of the population.
Top-Creoles
Bottom: the rest.