1. The Integumentary System: Skin

2. Integumentary System
The Body Covering (Fun Fact! Largest organ of the body)
Includes: Skin, Nails & Hairs
Skin A.K.A. Cutaneous Membrane
Functions:
Body Temperature Regulation: Sweating at surface and adjusting blood flow in dermis.
Protection: Keratin protects from microbes, abrasions, heat and chemicals, lipids slow evaporation of water, melanin protects from UV rays.
Cutaneous Sensations: Sensory input/output
Excretion and Absorption: Eliminates substances, passage of materials into body cells (drugs)
Synthesis of Vitamin D: UV light activates creation of Vit D

3. Structure Skin is divided into two main parts:
Epidermis (epi = above) Surface epithelial layer
Dermis: Deeper connective tissue layer
Subcutaneous Layer Deep dermis not part of the skin.
Fibers from dermis anchor skin to this layer which then allows for attachment to other tissue and/or organs.
Structure

4. Epidermis Made of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Capable of regeneration (new cells ~ q4 weeks)
4 cell types:
Keratinocytes: 90% of epidermal cells, 4 – 5 layers, produces keratin (rough fibrous protein that protects skin), waterproofs skin.
Melanocytes: 8% of epidermal cells, produce the pigment melanin, transfer melanin to keratinocytes, susceptible to UV light damage.
Langerhans cells: Produce immune response against pathogens entering skin.
Merkel cells: Detect touch/sensory sensations.

5. Dermis Consists of two distinct regions:
The superficial part is composed of areolar connective tissue.
The deeper part is composed of dense irregular connective tissue.
Attaches to the subcutaneous layer.
The outer layer contains nerve endings for touch, thermal sensations, pain, tickling, and itching.

6. Skin Color
Skin color is due to the melanin in the epidermis, carotene in the dermis, and hemoglobin in the capillaries of the dermis.
Melanin (Brown-Black pigment)
Darkness depends on amount of melanin produced.
Gives some protection against UV
Malignant melanoma, (cancer of the melanocytes), is a particularly serious skin cancer. Liver or age spots, are non-cancerous clusters of melanin.
Carotene (Yellow-Orange pigment)
In deeper skin and adipose layers
Hemoglobin (Pink-Red pigment)
Found in blood
Depends on blood flow

7. Review: Skin What are the 5 functions of skin?
What are the two main parts of skin called?
What 4 cells make up the superficial/thinner part of the skin?
What is the function of the subcutaneous layer?
What specific type of epithelial cells make up the epidermis?
Which skin layer contains nerve endings?
Which pigments contribute to which skin color?
The shade of your skin depends on which factors?
What are the characteristics and functions of keratinocytes?

8. Answers What are the 5 functions of skin? Body Temperature Regulation
Protection
Cutaneous Sensations
Excretion and Absorption
Synthesis of Vitamin D
What are the two main parts of skin called?
Epidermis and Dermis
What 4 cells make up the superficial/thinner part of the skin?
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells
What is the function of the subcutaneous layer?
Allows for skin to attach to other tissue and/or organs.
Storage site for fat
Supplies skin with blood (remember epithelial cells are avascular)
What specific type of epithelial cells make up the epidermis?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Which skin layer contains nerve endings?
Dermis
Which pigments contribute to which skin color?
Melanin (black-brown), Carotene (yellow-orange), Hemoglobin (red)
The shade of your skin depends on which factors?
Mainly depends on the amount of melanin produced by melanocytes, but it is the interaction of all in #7 that determines the shade of skin.
What are the characteristics and functions of keratinocytes?
Makes up most of the epidermis
Produces keratin (rough fibrous protein ) which protects skin
Waterproofs skin
Answers

9. #10

10. The Integumentary System: Accessory Structures of the Skin

11. Hair Function: Protection Found: On most skin surfaces Injury UV light
Foreign Particles
Found: On most skin surfaces
Scalp
Brows
External genitalia
Not on palmar surfaces of hand and fingers or plantar surfaces of feet
Supatra is one of only 50 sufferers of Ambras Syndrome documented since the Middle Ages. It is caused by a faulty chromosome.
Yu was born in the city of Anshan in the Chinese province of Anshan in 1979 and began growing hair at the age of two that eventually covered approximately 96% of his body.
Ambras Syndrome

12. Hair Composition: Keratinized cells Shaft: mostly above ground
Root: below surface
Surrounded by hair follicle
Bulb: base of hair follicle includes matrix producing cells and blood vessels.
Nerves: hair root plexuses
Sensitive to touch
Muscle (Smooth): Arrector pili
Contraction causes goose bumps
Hair Shaft
Hair Root
Hair Root Plexus
Arrector
pili
muscle
Bulb

13. Glands Hair Shaft Function: Secrete substances
Composition: Epithelial cells
Types:
Sebaceous Glands: secrete oily sebum
Protects skin from drying out and bacteria
Connected to hair follicles
Sudoriferous (soo-dor-IF-er-us) Glands: secrete sweat
Eccrine are widely distributed; aid in thermoregulation
Apocrine are found in the axilla, groin, areolae, beard
Ceruminous (se-ROO-mi-nus) Glands: secrete wax
External auditory canal
Combine with sebum to produce earwax
Provide barrier against foreign bodies
Hair Shaft
Sebaceous Gland
Hair Root Plexus
Bulb
Apocrine sweat gland

14. Nails
Function: Help us grasp, manipulate objects, protect ends of digits, scratching
Composition: Plates of packed keratinized cells of the epidermis.
Nail body: Visible portion
Free edge: Part extending past digit
Root: Part not visible
Growth: 1 mm per WEEK! Slows within 2nd / 3rd decade
Becomes brittle with age
Free Edge
Nail Body
Root

15. Review: Accessories What are the functions of hair?
What protein is hair composed of?
What 5 structures make up hair within skin?
What causes goose bumps?
What is sebum? Which gland secretes sebum?
Which gland aids in thermoregulation? How?
Which glad’s secretions combine with sebum to produce earwax? Why is this important?
What are the functions of nails?
What specifically are nails made of?
Name the 5 nail parts.

16. Answers What are the functions of hair?
To protect from injury, UV light, and foreign particles
What protein is hair composed of?
Keratin
What 5 structures make up hair within skin?
Hair shaft
Hair root
Hair root plexus
Blub
Arrector pili muscle
What is sebum? Which gland secretes sebum?
An oily substance produced by the sebaceous glands
What causes goose bumps?
When the hair root plexus stimulates the arrector pili muscle it contracts causing the skin around the hair shaft to elevate.
Which gland aids in thermoregulation? How?
Eccrine sweat glands produce sweat; when the sweat evaporates it cools your skin.
Which gland’s secretions combine with sebum to produce earwax? Why is this important?
Ceruminous glands’ secretions provide a sticky barrier against foreign bodies
What are the functions of nails?
Grasp, manipulate objects, protection to the ends of fingers, scratching
What specifically are nails made of?
Plates of tightly packed hard keratinized cells of the epidermis
Of the 5 nail parts, name the 3 you need to know?
Free Edge
Nail Body
Nail Root
Answers