1. Cell Parts & Organelles

2. 1. Cell Wall A) function: physical protection & structural support
B) Structure: wall surrounding cell
Has holes like windows in a wall
C) Macromol. = cellulose

3. 2. Cell Membrane Phospholipids
A) function: controls what enters and leaves cell
B) Structure: flexible lining just inside cell wall
C) Macromol.
Phospholipids
Proteins

4. 3. Nucleus A) Structure: 1) Nuclear envelope = double layer of
membrane around nucleus
2) Nuclear pores = holes in envelope
3) Chromosomes = DNA inside nucleus
4) Nucleolus = area full of ribosome parts

5. B) Function: Store DNA & direct cell
C) Macromol.
Phospholipids, proteins
Nucleic acids

6. 4.Cytoplasm
A) function: every thing that happenes between cell membrane and nucleus
B) Structure:
1) all organelles between nucleus and cell membrane
2) all fluid that fills cell = hyaloplasm or cytosol
C) Macromol. : all

7. 5. Ribosome 1) Connect amino acids in correct order
A) function: make proteins
1) Connect amino acids in correct order
2) Follow directions from RNA
B) Structure: 2 subunits
1) Protien subunit
2) RNA subunit
C) Macromol. : protein & nucleic acid

8. 6 Mitochondrion 1) Oval outer membrane
A- Function: Cellular Respiration
1)Uses O2 to burn glucose & give cell energy
2) O2 + glucose  CO2 and energy
B- Structure
1) Oval outer membrane
2) Folded inner membrane
Folds called cristae
C- Macromolecules:
Phospholipids, protein, nucleic acids

9. 7. Chloroplasts 2) CO2 + H2O  Glucose + O2
A- Function: Photosynthesis
1) Converts solar Energy into chemical energy
2) CO2 + H2O  Glucose + O2
B- Structure:
1) Oval outer membrane
2) Grana = stacks of disks
C- Macromolecules:
Phospholipids, protein, nucleic acids

10. 8. Vacuole A- Function: storage & support (plants)
B- Structure: membrane full of water and molecules or food
C- Macromolecules:
phospholipids

11. 9. Lysosome
A- Function: digest food/break down old organelles & macromolecules (hydrolysis)
B- Structure: membrane bubble full of enzymes
C- Macromolecules
phospholipids, proteins (enzymes)

12. 10. Golgi Body A- Function:
1) adds/modifies sugars & lipids on proteins
2) makes complex carbohydrates
3) package for secretion
B- Structure:
1) flat membrane pockets,
cisternae, filled w/ enzymes
C- Macromolecules
phospholipids, proteins

13. 11. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
A- Function: Fold & transport proteins, add carbs to glycoproteins
B- Structure:
1) Tunnels made of membrane
2) lots of enzymes
3) ribosomes
C- Macromol.:
phospholipids, proteins

14. 12. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
A- Function: Transport & Detoxify poisons/drugs
B- Structure: Membrane tunnels full of enzymes
C- Macromol.:
phospholipids, proteins

15. 13. Cytoskeleton A- Function: 1) internal mechanical support
2) move organelles & vessicles
B- Structure: Framework of microtubules and motor proteins
C- Macromolecules
protein

16. Cytoskeleton elements (animal & plant)
1) Microtubules – largest; hollow tube shape
made of tubulin subunits
form spindle & hold organelles in place
tracks for motor proteins
assembled in area called centrosome
can be broken
Down and then
re-assembled

17. 2) microfilaments – thin strands
a. 2 chains of actin subunits twisted into helix
b. form cell cortex: mesh of microfilaments at cell membrane give animal cells shape
c. amoeboid movement
d. muscle cell contraction
e. endocytosis/exocytosis
f. plant cytoplasmic streaming

18. 3) Intermediate filaments….. yep they are medium size add strength
(keratin in hair, nails, dead skin)
Highly variable - used to ID cell types

19. Centrosomes
Regions of the cell where tubulin subunits are stored and organized into microtubules
Most animal centrosomes contain centrioles
Centrioles – 9 triplets of microtubules fused into a short cylinder…helps organize microtubule formation
Centrioles lacking in fungi and most plants

20. Motor Proteins Activated by ATP
Conformational changes result in motion
Most common: myosins, actins, dynins, kinesins
Each type has many variations/versions

21. Kinesins Walk along microtubules dragging cargo
vessicles, organelles,etc.

22. Dynins
Walk along microtubules dragging cargo or bending cilia and flagella

23. Motor proteins push microtubules past each other
Kinesin for mitosis
Dynein for cilia motion

24. Myosin pushes microfilaments past each other
To move cell cortex
To contract muscle

25. Prokaryotic Cytoskeleton
Poorly developed (mitosis not possible)
Some lack cytoskeleton
All Eukaryotes have nearly identical genes for tubulin and actin = highly conserved

26. Cell Junctions
Tight Junctions – block things from moving through cracks between cells.
Adhering Junctions = desmosomes - anchor cell in place by joining it to its neighbor
Gap Junctions = communicating junction – cytoplasmic bridges between cell allow cytosol and small molecules to flow between cells
Plasmodesmata = cytoplasmic bridges in plants