1. How do water and carbon cycles operate in contrasting locations?
Key idea: It is possible to identify the physical and human factors that affect the water and carbon cycles in a Arctic Tundra
Case study: The Arctic Tundra

2. Another characteristic of the Arctic tundra is the limited amount of sunlight it receives due to the position of the Sun in the sky. Depending on the latitude, the Sun can remain below the horizon for up to 2 months, leaving the Arctic tundra in darkness. Although the sun remains in the sky 24 hours a day during the summer, it stays close to the horizon and provides only low intensity sunlight. 
One unique characteristic of the Arctic tundra is permafrost--ground that is permanently frozen. Because the permafrost has no cracks or pores, nothing can penetrate it--neither plant roots nor water. The surface layer above the permafrost thaws each summer. This layer is called the active layer. Thickness of the active layer depends on its location in the tundra. The more northerly the location, the thinner the active layer is.
during the summer Arctic tundra is characterized by lots of surface water. When snow melts, the water percolates through the active layer but is unable to penetrate the permafrost. Since the water has nowhere to go, the active layer becomes saturated and pools of water form on the surface. 
"tundra" is a Finnish words which means "treeless

3. 2.b. It is possible to identify the physical and human factors that affect the water and carbon cycles in an Arctic tundra area.
Water cycles specific to Arctic tundra, including the rates of flow and distinct stores
Physical factors affecting the flows and stores in the cycles, including temperature, rock permeability and porosity and relief.
Seasonal changes in the water cycle in the Arctic tundra

4. Life support systems: Quiz 2
What is the biggest global store of water?
What is the biggest global store of carbon?
What is ablation?
What is the residence time for carbon held in rocks?
What kind of clouds form when air mass moves over a cooler surface such as an ocean?
What is “weathering”?
Which marine organism primarily drives the biological pump in the oceans?
What is the NPP of Amazonia?
What percentage of carbon is stored in the above ground biomass?
What does the UN’s REDD scheme stand for?

5. Answers What is the biggest global store of water? Oceans
What is the biggest global store of carbon? Sedimentary rock
What is ablation? Snowmelt
What is the residence time for carbon held in rocks? 150 million years
What kind of clouds form when air mass moves over a cooler surface such as an ocean? Stratiform
What is “weathering”? The in situ breakdown of rocks at or near the Earth’s surface.
Which marine organism primarily drives the biological pump in the oceans? Phytoplankton
What is the NPP of Amazonia? 2500g/m2/year
What percentage of carbon is stored in the above ground biomass? 60%
What does the UN’s REDD scheme stand for? Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degredation.

6. Starter:
Where is the Arctic Tundra?
What will its climate be like?

7. Why is it so cold in the Arctic Tundra?

8. Why is it so cold in the Arctic Tundra?

9. Why is it so cold in the Arctic Tundra?

10. Why does the temperature vary so much during the year?

11. Why does the temperature vary so much during the year?

12. Why does the temperature vary so much during the year?
0 to 1.58

13. Why is it so dry in the Arctic Tundra?

14. Why is it so dry in the Arctic Tundra?
What do you think will happen to the air at the poles? Will it rise or fall?
This is called high pressure.
Cool air sinks. As it sinks the molecules move closer together which means more mass and so more pressure.
What type of weather is at the poles?
As the air sinks, it warms, condensation is rare and so few clouds and little rain.
It is cold at the poles and very high pressure!!!
It makes you feel high and happy as it is usually dry and clear.

15. The Arctic Tundra Water Cycle
Where is the Arctic Tundra located?
Describe and explain the climate of the Arctic Tundra and how it changes over the year. Include sunshine hours.
What impact does the climate have on the vegetation and the soil?

16. Plenary or if time go to next slide
How will this climate impact on the water cycle?

17. The Arctic Tundra Water Cycle
How will this impact on the water cycle? Think about:
Atmospheric moisture stores
Transpiration
Evaporation
Run-off
Groundwater & soil moisture stores

18. The Arctic Tundra Water Cycle
Where is the Arctic Tundra located?
Describe and explain the climate of the Arctic Tundra and how it changes over the year. Include sunshine hours.
What impact does the climate have on the vegetation and the soil?
Water cycle
4) What are the main features of the water cycle in the Arctic Tundra and how does it alter with the seasons.
Must include:
Precipitation
Atmospheric stores
Transpiration
Evaporation
Run-off
Groundwater & soil moisture stores
Impact of snow and ice
Importance of the wetlands.

19. How do water and carbon cycles operate in contrasting locations?
Key idea: It is possible to identify the physical and human factors that affect the water and carbon cycles in a Arctic Tundra
Case study: The Arctic Tundra

20. Starter How will the climate of the Arctic Tundra impact on the water cycle?
Think about:
Atmospheric moisture stores
Transpiration
Evaporation
Run-off
Groundwater & soil moisture stores

21. Water Cycle in the Arctic Tundra
Learning Objectives
Water cycles specific to Arctic tundra, including the rates of flow and distinct stores
Physical factors affecting the flows and stores in the cycles, including temperature, rock permeability and porosity and relief.
Seasonal changes in the water cycle in the Arctic tundra

22. The Arctic Tundra Water Cycle
4) What are the main features of the water cycle in the Arctic Tundra and how does it alter with the seasons.
Must include:
Precipitation
Atmospheric stores
Transpiration
Evaporation
Run-off
Groundwater & soil moisture stores
Impact of snow and ice
Importance of the wetlands.
Physical Factors, seasonal changes and stores and flows of water
5) How does temperature, relief and rock permeability impact on the stores and flows of the water cycle over the year?

23. Plenary
Make a prediction – what do you think the features of the carbon cycle will be?

24. How do water and carbon cycles operate in contrasting locations?
Key idea: It is possible to identify the physical and human factors that affect the water and carbon cycles in a Arctic Tundra
Case study: The Arctic Tundra

25. Starter: Where is most of the carbon stored in the TRF?
Where is most of the carbon stored in the Arctic Tundra?
How will this vary over the year?
After 1.58

26. Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Tundra
Learning Objectives
Carbon cycles specific to Arctic tundra, including the rates of flow and distinct stores
Physical factors affecting the flows and stores in the carbon cycle, including temperature, vegetation, organic matter in soil and the mineral composition of rocks
Seasonal changes in the carbon cycles in the Arctic tundra

27. The carbon cycle in the Arctic Tundra.
Physical factors affecting the stores and flows of the Arctic Tundra carbon cycle
How much carbon is stored in the permafrost? Why is it so high?
2a) Why is the biomass store so low? Must include NPP.
b) How does this flow of CO² and methane change during the year and why? Must include temperature, vegetation, organic matter in the soil and the parent rocks.

28. The carbon cycle in the Arctic Tundra.
Physical factors affecting the stores and flows of the Arctic Tundra carbon cycle
Why are some people worried that the Arctic Tundra will turn from a carbon sink to a carbon source?

29. The carbon cycle in the Arctic Tundra.
Physical factors affecting the stores and flows of the Arctic Tundra carbon cycle
How much carbon is stored in the permafrost? Why is it so high?
2a) Why is the biomass store so low? Must include NPP.
b) How does this flow of Co2 and methane change during the year and why? Must include temperature, vegetation, organic matter in the soil and the parent rocks.
3a)Why are some people worried that the Arctic Tundra will turn from a carbon sink to a carbon source?
b) How do some people argue against this?

30. Plenary
From the perspective of climate change – should we be more concerned with deforestation of the rainforest or melting of the permafrost?

31. How do water and carbon cycles operate in contrasting locations?
Key idea: It is possible to identify the physical and human factors that affect the water and carbon cycles in a Arctic Tundra
Case study: The Arctic Tundra

32. Starter:
How can humans activity impact the water and carbon cycle in the Arctic Tundra globally and regionally?

33. Trans-Alaska Pipeline
Starter:
What impacts could this cause?
Trans-Alaska Pipeline

34. What impacts could this cause?
Starter:
What impacts could this cause?
Prudhoe Bay

35. What impacts could this cause?
Starter:
What impacts could this cause?
Prudhoe Bay

36. Trans-Alaska Pipeline
1968 — The largest oil strike in the U.S. was discovered underneath Prudhoe Bay.
1975 — Construction of the Trans-Alaskan Pipeline began 
1977 — The first oil left Prudhoe Bay through the 789 mile pipeline in route to Valdez
Why was it built?

37. The impact of the developing oil and gas industry on the water and carbon cycles
Location of the Arctic Tundra in Alaska

38. The impact of the developing oil and gas industry on the water and carbon cycles
Location of the Arctic Tundra in Alaska

39. Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Tundra
Learning Objectives
The impact of the developing oil and gas industry on the water and carbon cycles
Management strategies used to moderate the impacts of the oil and gas industry.

40. The impact of the developing oil and gas industry on the water and carbon cycles
Where is the Arctic Tundra located in Alaska?
Why was the oil and gas exploited here, even with the harsh environmental conditions?
When did the investment in the area begin and what did it entail?
How important is the North Slope for gas and oil production for the USA?

41. The impact of the developing oil and gas industry on the water and carbon cycles
4)How important is the North Slope for gas and oil production for the USA?
5) How and why has the permafrost been affected?
6) Explain fully the impacts on the:
Carbon cycle
Water cycle

42. What can be down to reduce the impact on the water and carbon cycles?
The impact of the developing oil and gas industry on the water and carbon cycles
What can be down to reduce the impact on the water and carbon cycles?

43. What can be down to reduce the impact on the water and carbon cycles?
The impact of the developing oil and gas industry on the water and carbon cycles
What can be down to reduce the impact on the water and carbon cycles?

44. The impact of the developing oil and gas industry on the water and carbon cycles
5) How and why has the permafrost been affected?
6) Explain fully the impacts on the:
Carbon cycle
Water cycle
7) What can be down to reduce the impact on the water and carbon cycles? Explain each fully and how successful they are in mitigating the impacts

45. Plenary

46. Starter:
How does the water and carbon cycle differ between the Tropical Rainforest and the Arctic Tundra?

47. How do the stores and flows of the water and carbon vary between the Tropical Rainforest and the Arctic Tundra
In groups, on an A3 sheet, you need to show how the above differ. You will need to draw two carbon cycles and two water cycles.
You can use highlighters, symbols, width of arrows/boxes to show difference in the amount/size of flows and stores in each location.

48. You can join up the above questions.
How do the stores and flows of the water and carbon vary between the Tropical Rainforest and the Arctic Tundra
Using your A3 sheet and your notes, answer the following:
1) How do the following differ between the Tropical Rainforest and the Arctic Tundra and why?
a) The distribution of carbon
b) The flows of carbon
c) The distribution of water
d) The flows of water.
You can join up the above questions.

49. Plenary: Exam question
“Human factors affect the water cycle more significantly in the Tropical Rainforest than in the Arctic Tundra”. Discuss.

50. Other past questions from specimen papers for living world
'The damaging impacts of human activity on the carbon cycles is of greater significance than the water cycle.' Discuss. (16 marks)
With reference to a case study of the TRF examine the significance of the forest trees in the carbon cycle.
Examine the significance of the role of vegetation in linking the water and carbon cycles. (10)