1. Organic Chemistry

2. Organic Chemistry
Study of the compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen

3. Bonding of Carbon Atoms
Unique Bonding
Why?
Carbon has 4 valence electrons.
Carbon can covalently bond with itself to form chains, rings and networks of various sizes and complexity

4. Bonding of Carbon Atoms
Carbon bonds in a tetrahedral with a 109.5o angle between the bonds.

5. Bonding of Carbon Atoms
Single Covalent Bond
one pair of electrons are shared between carbon atoms

6. Bonding of Carbon Atoms
Double Covalent
Bond – two pairs of electrons are shared between carbon atoms
Triple Covalent Bond – three pairs of electrons are shared between carbon atoms

7. Saturated Organic Compounds
Saturated - compounds that contain only single carbon – carbon bonds (C-C)
Saturated compounds contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms

8. Unsaturated Organic Compounds
Unsaturated – compounds that contain double (C=C) or triple (C≡C) carbon – carbon bonds
Unsaturated compounds DO NOT have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atoms

9. Regents Practice
Which element has atoms that can form single, double, and triple covalent bonds with other atoms of the same element?
hydrogen
(2) oxygen
(3) fluorine
(4) carbon

10. Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons – organic compounds that contain ONLY carbon and hydrogen
Types of Hydrocarbons
Alkane
Alkene
Alkyne

11. Hydrocarbons: ALKANES
Alkanes – saturated, contain only single carbon-carbon bonds between
Basic formula for the alkane series is:
C(n)H(2n+2)
Boiling Point of alkanes increases with an increase in chain length. . . More Carbons, higher boiling point.

12. Hydrocarbons Methane – CH4 Ethane – C2H6 Propane – C3H8 Butane – C4H10
Pentane – C5H12

13. Hydrocarbons: ALKENES
Alkenes – unsaturated
contain at least one carbon – carbon double bond
Basic formula of alkenes:
C(n)H(2n)
Alkenes are named by replacing the –ane alkane ending with the –ene alkene ending

14. Hydrocarbons: ALKYNES
Alkynes – at least one carbon – carbon triple bond
Basic formula of the alkyne series is:
C(n)H(2n-2)
Alkynes are named by replacing the –ane alkane ending with the –yne alkyne ending

15. Regents Practice Which hydrocarbon is saturated? (1) propene
(2) ethyne
(3) butene
(4) heptane

16. Naming Organic Compounds
meth- C
eth C-C
prop C-C-C
but C-C-C-C
pent C-C-C-C-C
hex C-C-C-C-C-C
hep- C-C-C-C-C-C-C
oct- C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C
non- C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C
dec- C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C

17. Let’s Name Them
Table P gives the prefix used to name the first 10 hydrocarbons in an homologous series.

18. A structural formula show the way the atoms are arranged.
Methane Ethane
H H H
H C H H C C H
Each line represents a covalent bond - a shared pair of electrons.

19. A structural formula show the way the atoms are arranged.
Propene
H H
H C C C H
H H
Ethyne
H C C H
The double bonds makes this hydrocarbon an alkene
The triple bonds makes this hydrocarbon an alkyne

20. The empirical formula of a compound is CH2 Which molecular formula is correctly paired with a structural formula for this compound?

21. Let’s Draw

22. Let’s Draw

23. Let’s Draw