1. Chapter 1 Study of Life

2. 1.1 Science of Biology

3. What is the Nature of Science?
Scientific method used to answer questions about nature
Observation
Question
Hypothesis – “educated guess”
Prediction - testable statement
Experiment
Conclusion – analyze results
**ALL hypotheses must be testable to be considered scientific and results should be repeatable

4. Inductive vs Deductive Reasoning
Inductive reasoning is making a general statement based on a number of observations.
Used to form hypothesis
Deductive reasoning is making a specific statement based in a general statement
Used to form a testable prediction “ If hypothesis is correct then…”

5. Experiment Used to test hypothesis
If hypothesis is correct it should yield predictable results.
A hypothesis is “supported” when it yields predictable results
Experimental group tests the variable in the hypothesis
Control group compares the results without the experimental variable.

6. Important consideration of results
If hypothesis is supported one must show that predicted results are not due to chance.
To reduce bias in an experiment on should collect quantitative (measurable) data.

7. Importance of publishing
All results of a scientific study should be reported
Introduction: Explanation of topic being studied, past research, hypotheses being considered etc.
Methods used in the experiments.
Results and analysis of experiment
Discussion of results – relevance in a larger context

8. 1.2 Major Themes in Biology

9. Properties of life Ordered structure - cells, organs etc.
Detect and respond to stimuli
Reproduction – pass on hereditary material (in DNA)
Growth and Development
Maintenance – Homeostasis
Process energy – necessary for metabolism

10. Levels of organization of living things
Cells – smallest living unit
Tissues – group of cells with the same function
Organs – groups of different tissues work together
Organ system – groups of organs that work together to one purpose
Organism

11. Levels of organization
Population – group of members of the same species
Community – all the different species in an area
Ecosystem all the living and non living parts of a area
Biosphere – all places on Earth were life exists.

12. Phylogeny and Universal Common Ancestor
One major theme in biology is that present day species evolved from distinctly different organisms.
Though diverse, all species share certain structural and genetic similarities
Common ancestor is a hypothesized “first” cell from which all species evolved.
A Phylogeny is a hypothesis which depicts the relationships of groups of species.