1. General characteristics of the macromolecular substances solutions (HMC)
Planner
General characteristic of HMC. Solubility of HМС.
Obtaining HMC methods.
Physical and chemical properties of HMC.
Stability of HМС.
Kozachok S.S. prepared

2. High molecular compounds (macromolecules)
are an organic and inorganic substances, that have in their structure molecules of the chain form with a large number of small structurally similar or homogeneous units linked together by covalent bonds.
A macromolecule is a very large molecule commonly created by some form of polymerization. In biochemistry, the term is applied to the four conventional biopolymers (nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids), as well as non-polymeric molecules with large molecular mass such as macrocycles. The constituent molecules from which macromolecules are assembled are called monomers (mono=single, meros=part).

3. Natural classification of High molecular compounds
Protein
Nucleic acids
Polysaccharides
Synthetic
Kapron
Polyethylene
Lavsan
Plastic

4. Classification HМС according to the macromolecule’s shape
Globular
(milk proteins, haemoglobin)
Fibrillar
(myosin, keratin, elastin)

5. Linear (Polyethylene) ebonite (hard rubber))
Classification macromolecules according to the structure of polymeric chain
Linear (Polyethylene)
Branching (Glycogen)
Netting or crosslinked
(cellulose,
ebonite (hard rubber))

6. Classification HМС according to the chemical nature of atoms
Carbonchain Heterochain
Polyethylene
polyglycols
Organoelement
Inorganic
Poly-silanes
Elastic sulfur
S S S
S S S S

7. Solubility stage of HMC in a low molecular solvent

8. Degree of swelling: Swelling rate: Swelling pressure:
Swelling rate constant:
Swelling pressure:

9. Gel filtration
Protein solution
column
gel

10. Obtaining method of HMC
Polymerization:
nCH2=CH-CH=CH2 → (-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-)n
Polycondensation:
nHO-R-OH + nHO-R'-OH → (-O-R-O-R'-)n+ nН2О
Introduction to the prepared HMC of the new functional groups:
(С6Н10О5)n + 3HNO3 → (C6H4O2(NO3)3)n + 3H2O

11. Flow regimes of HMC
Laminar flowing
Turbulent flowing

12. Viscosity laws pf laminar flowing:
Newtonian: frictional force proportional to the gradient of velocity flowing and contact area of the layers moving
Poiseuille: fluid volume from the capillary for a certain time is inversely proportional to a viscosity

13. Viscosity of some liquids (Т = 293 К)
Solution
η mPа*sec
Аcetone
Water
Ethanol
Blood plasma
Whole blood (in norm)
- enteric fever, tuberculosis
- great pysical exercise
0,136
1,010
1,200
1,500
4,0 – 5,0
 4,0
 5,0

14. Salting out of the HMC solutions
Solubility
Hydrated sphere
salting
Salting out
Salt concentration

15. Salting out is a method of separating proteins based on the principle that proteins are less soluble at high salt concentrations. The salt concentration needed for the protein to precipitate out of the solution differs from protein to protein. This process is also used to concentrate dilute solutions of proteins. Dialysis can be used to remove the salt if needed.

16. Protein denaturation
Active protein
Nonactive protein

17. Coacervation scheme
Formation of the primary drop from the hydrated macromolecules
Secondary drop from the primary drops
Upper coacervate location dues to a solution

18. Thanks for attention