1. KEY CONCEPT All living things are based on atoms and their interactions.
Please pick up graded work in the back of the classroom.
Please pick up a copy of the exam.
Have out your text book to chapter 2.1
Have out your new packet

2. Living things consist of atoms of different elements.
An atom is the smallest basic unit of matter.
An element is one type of atom.
Hydrogen atom (H) H O
Oxygen atom (O)

5. An atom has a nucleus and electrons.
The nucleus has protons and neutrons.
Electrons are in energy levels outside nucleus.
Oxygen atom (O)
Nucleus: 8 protons (+) 8 neutrons
outermost energy level: 6 electrons (-)
inner energy level: 2 electrons (-)

6. Atomic number, etc…
Atomic number: Number of protons
# of protons = # of electrons except if an ion
# of neutrons = atomic mass – number of protons

7. O A compound is made of atoms of different elements bonded together.
water (H2O) O H _ +

8. A compound is made of atoms of different elements bonded together.
water (H2O)
carbon dioxide (CO2)

9. A compound is made of atoms of different elements bonded together.
water (H2O)
carbon dioxide (CO2)
many other carbon-based compounds in living things

10. Ions form when atoms gain or lose electrons.
An ion is an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons.
positive ions
negative ions
Ionic bonds form between oppositely charged ions.
Sodium atom (Na)
Chlorine atom (CI)
Sodium ion (Na+)
Chloride ion (CI-)
Na loses an electron to CI
ionic bond
gained electron

11. Atoms share pairs of electrons in covalent bonds.
A covalent bond forms when atoms share a pair of electrons.
Dogs
multiple covalent bonds
diatomic molecules
Atoms
covalent bonds
Oxygen atom (O)
Carbon atom (C)
Carbon dioxide (CO2 )

13. IONS ARE THE ONLY ATOMS THAT CARRY A CHARGE!!K
Be +2
Cl -1
# of Protons
# of Neutrons
# of Electrons
Ion Yes or no
IONS ARE THE ONLY ATOMS THAT CARRY A CHARGE!!

14. Bonding
Diagram the following:
LiCl

15. Bonding
Diagram the following: O2

16. KEY CONCEPT Water’s unique properties allow life to exist on Earth.
Demo:
After you observe the demo, write at least two line stating your observation. – 45 seconds
Based upon the water POGIL,
write an explanation for
your observation. (Complete
sentence)

17. Life depends on hydrogen bonds in water.
Water is a polar molecule.
Polar molecules have slightly charged regions. O H _ +
Nonpolar molecules do not have charged regions.
Hydrogen bonds form between slightly positive    hydrogen atoms and slightly negative atoms.

18. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for three important properties of water.
high specific heat
Cohesion: attraction among molecules of a substance
Adhesion: attraction among molecules of a different substance

19. Cohesion and Adhesion Examples
Surface Tension – caused by cohesion
COHESION
ADHESION

20. Class activity
On your piece of plastic wrap, wipe half of it with oil.
On each side of the plastics wrap put a half teaspoon of water.
Write down your observations.
Write down an explanation for each observation, making sure to include cohesion and adhesion.

21. Cohesion and Adhesion
water drop on untreated plastic wrap  (cohesion of water molecules to one another as well as strong adhesion of water to plastic)
water drop on oiled plastic wrap   (cohesion of water and only a little adhesion of water to plastic)

23. Many compounds dissolve in water.
A solution is formed when one substance dissolves in another.
A solution is a homogeneous mixture.
Solvents dissolve other substances.
Solutes dissolve in a solvent.
solution

24. Check for understanding
On one hot summer day, you would like to enjoy lemonade and only have the Country Time lemonade mix. Using complete sentences, explain how you would make your lemonade using the terms homogeneous mixture, solute, solvent. Use complete sentences. Read your partner’s writing to yourself. Circle the solute Underline the solvent Squiggle the homogeneous mixture

25. “Like dissolves like.”
Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes.
Nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes.
Polar substances and nonpolar substances generally remain separate. VS

26. Intro to acids and bases
List two acids and any characteristics of acids you remember.
List two bases and any characteristics of acids you remember.
What do you remember about the pH scale?

27. Some compounds form acids or bases.
An acid releases a hydrogen ion when it dissolves in water.
high H+ concentration
pH less than 7
more acidic
stomach acid pH between 1 and 3

29. A base removes hydrogen ions from a solution.
low H+ concentration
pH greater than 7
bile pH between 8 and 9
more basic

31. A neutral solution has a pH of 7.
pure water pH 7

32. Property of Water
Definition
Examples/explanation
Polarity
Uneven charge across a molecule
Creates a slightly + end and a slightly – end
Hydrogen Bonds
Created between polar molecules
Leads to the unique properties of water
Cohesion
Like to like
Surface tension, water movement up plants
Adhesion
Like to unlike
Water movement up plants, water clinging to a spider web
Solvent
Able to dissolve like substances
Sugar and water, water is a very versatile solvent
Evaporation
Water going to a gas form
Sweating, panting
High Specific Heat
Water takes a long time to heat up due to needing to break the hydrogen bonds first
Boiling water, heating of the oceans/ponds

33. KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.

34. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.
Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms.
Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures.
straight chain
branched chain
ring

35. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together.
Monomers are the individual subunits.
Polymers are made of many monomers.

36. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

37. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Carbohydrates include sugars and starches.
Monosaccharides are simple sugars.
Disaccharides are two sugars
Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen.

38. Classes of Carbohydrates

39. Common Carbohydrates and their Class
Carbs

40. Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells.
Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.
Polymer (starch)
Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.
Polymer (cellulose)
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
monomer

42. Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.
Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol.
Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.
Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol.
Made of C,H,O
Triglyceride

44. Structure of Fats
FATTY ACIDS
GLYCEROL
lipids

45. Lipids have several different functions.
broken down as a source of energy
make up cell membranes
used to make hormones

46. Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids.
saturated fatty acids
unsaturated fatty acids

47. Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Saturated Fats
Unsaturated Fatty Acids

49. Phospholipids make up all cell membranes.
Polar phosphate “head”
Nonpolar fatty acid “tails”
Phospholipid

50. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.

51. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.

52. 20 Amino Acids

53. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.
Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.
Made of C, H, O, N
Protein

55. Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids.
Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape.
hydrogen bond
Hemoglobin
Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function.

57. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.

58. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.
Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
A phosphate group
nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base
deoxyribose (sugar)

59. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.
Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
DNA stores genetic information.
DNA
RNA builds proteins.
RNA

60. Carbohydrates
CHO
Monomer - monosaccharide
Two times as much hydrogen as oxygen
Store energy
Make up cell parts
Are sugars
Lipids
1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids
Lots of CH, little O
Store energy, insulation, membranes
Fats, oils
Protein
CHON
Monomer- Amino Acid
Look for the nitrogen
DO NOT STORE ENERGY
Transport, communication, structural, muscle contraction
Meats, nuts, etc..
Nucleic Acids
CHOPN
Monomer – Nucleotides
DNA and RNA
Genetic information

61. KEY CONCEPT Life depends on chemical reactions.

62. Bonds break and form during chemical reactions.
Chemical reactions change substances into different ones by breaking and forming chemical bonds.
Reactants are changed during a chemical reaction.
Products are made by a chemical reaction.

63. When bonds are broken, energy is released
When bonds are broken, energy is released. When bonds are formed, energy is required.
A reaction is at equilibrium when reactants and products form at the same rate.
CO2 + H2O H2CO3

64. Chemical reactions release or absorb energy.
Activation energy is the amount of energy that needs to be absorbed to start a chemical reaction.

65. Exothermic reactions release more energy than they absorb.
Excess energy is released by the reaction.

66. Endothermic reactions absorb more energy than they release.
Energy is absorbed by the reaction to make up the difference.
Go to book website

67. KEY CONCEPT Enzymes are catalysts for chemical reactions in living things.

68. A catalyst lowers activation energy.
Catalysts are substances that speed up chemical reactions.
decrease activation energy
increase reaction rate

69. Enzymes allow chemical reactions to occur under tightly controlled conditions.
Enzymes are catalysts in living things.
Enzymes are needed for almost all processes.
Most enzymes are proteins.

70. Disruptions in homeostasis can prevent enzymes from functioning.
Enzymes function best in a small range of conditions.
Changes in temperature and pH can break hydrogen bonds.
An enzyme’s function depends on its structure.

71. An enzyme’s structure allows only certain reactants to bind to the enzyme.
substrates
active site
substrates (reactants)
enzyme
Substrates bind to an enzyme at certain places called active sites.

72. The lock-and-key model helps illustrate how enzymes function.
Link
substrates brought together
bonds in substrates weakened
Substrates bind to an enzyme at certain places called active sites.
The enzyme brings substrates together and weakens their bonds.
The catalyzed reaction forms a product that is released from the enzyme.