1. The War Draws to a Close
Lesson 5

2. Timeline of events so far
June 28, 1914
Assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand
August 1, 1914
Germany declares war on Russia
August 4, 1914
Britain, and therefore Canada as well, declares war on Germany

3. Timeline of events so far
April 22 – May 25, 1915
Second battle of Ypres
First use of poison gas
First major battle for the Canadians
July 1 – November 18, 1916
Battle of the Somme
First use of tanks
Canada’s first lengthy battle

4. Timeline of events so far
April
Battle of Vimy Ridge
First time Canadians fought as a single unified army
Canadians did what others could not.

5. Russia 1917 Russians very unprepared and untrained for the war
Lost almost every battle, millions die from battle, and disease.
Millions more deserted
The people wanted to accuse the government of treason

6. Revolution The people revolt Soldiers turn on their leaders
Workers strike and revolt
March 1917 – Czar Nicholas II abdicates the throne
He is arrested shortly after and eventually executed, along with his entire family, in July 1918,

7. Consolidation A provisional government is set in place
Attempt to continue the war by making the army democratic
Lenin eventually succeeds in overthrowing the government through a coup d’etat
March Soviets and Germans sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending the war in the East.

8. Ending the War
Germans now use all resources on Western Front
March of 1918 Germany begins a massive attack on France
This push is stopped and the Allies go on the offensive

9. German Cartoon: “Fit for active service!”, 1918

10. Ending the War (1918) The Tide Turns
German troops fatigued
US enters the war in 1917, but doesn’t get boots on the ground until 1918 with 140,000 “fresh” troops
Central Powers Crumble
Revolutions in Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire surrenders
German soldiers mutiny, public turns against Kaiser Wilhelm II

11. By Summer 1918…. The tide had turned in the Allies’ favour
The anti-submarine campaign was successful
British blockade of Germany was effective
August 8, 1918, Canadian forces, with tanks and air support smashed into German lines
Canadians drove ahead 13 kms and for 6 weeks, the Canadians led the attack.

12. From August 4th – November 11th
Canadian troops led by Arthur Currie, fought several battles forcing the Germans to retreat.
Canadians suffered 46,000 casualties in these battles but defeated a quarter of the entire German army.

13. Canada’s Hundred Days
Canada seized 31,527 POWs, 623 artillery pieces and 2842 machine guns.
A total of Canadians served in the First World War and gave their lives.
The exploits of Canadian and Newfoundland troops are remembered at 13 memorials spread across Belgium and France.

14. Ending the War (1918) Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates on November 9th 1918
11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month in 1918 Germany agrees to a cease-fire
Cost of 338 billion dollars (5.8 Trillion today)
10 Million Soldiers dead
9 Million Civilians dead

15. Total Casualties Country Total Mobilized % of Population KIA Wounded
Russia
10%
90%
Germany
20%
81%
British Empire
21%
46%
France
89%
Austria-Hungary *
19%
93%
Italy
17%
51%
USA 6%
11%
Turkey 9%
Bulgaria
32%
87 500
30%
Canada
12%
67 000
39%
Approx. Totals
62.9 million
7.84 million
35.9 million
70%
Total Casualties

16. How did World War I begin?
Military
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism
Germany declares war on Russia and France

17. What should be done about …
Complete TLS Worksheet : What should be done about …
What should happen to the alliance system that caused World War I?
What should happen to the armed forces of the countries involved in the war?
Who should pay for the damages caused by the war?
Who will enforce the peace treaty?
How should other countries prevent another war from occurring?

18. The Treaty of Versailles
The treaty, negotiated between January and June 1919 in Paris, was written by the Allies with almost no participation by the Germans.
The negotiations revealed a split between the French, who wanted to dismember Germany to make it impossible for it to renew war with France, and the British and Americans, who did not want to create pretexts for a new war.

19. The Treaty of Versailles
The eventual treaty included fifteen parts
Part I created the Covenant of the new League of Nations, which Germany was not allowed to join until
Part II specified Germany’s new boundaries, giving land to Belgium, France, Poland, Lithuania, and Denmark.
Part III stipulated a demilitarized zone and separated the Saar from Germany for fifteen years.
Part IV stripped Germany of all its colonies

20. The Treaty of Versailles
Part V reduced Germany’s armed forces to very low levels and prohibited Germany from possessing an air force, Tanks, or submarines.
Part VIII established Germany’s liability for reparations (repayment) without stating a specific amount
Part IX imposed numerous other financial obligations upon Germany
The German government signed the treaty under protest

21. Did the war make Canada more independent?
Read p of the textbook
Compare what actually occurred to our discussion
Answer Show You Know question #1 on p. 25
Complete Map activity After the Great War: Changes in the Face of Europe
Work on timeline assignment
Due Wednesday at the start of class.
Quiz Wednesday on Unit 1 – Theme 1: Canada in the World
If you have finished the above, create 3 quiz questions and hand them in.