1. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 Paper-ID: 0755 Harmonic Summation Effects of Modern Lamp Technologies and Small Electronic Household Equipment Meyer, Jan Schegner, Peter Technische Universitaet Dresden Heidenreich, Kurt Vattenfall Europe Distribution Hamburg GmbH

2. 2 Meyer, Jan – GERMANY – Session 2 – Paper 0755 Institute of Electrical Power Systems and High Voltage Engineering Harmonic emission of mass-equipment Main source in public LV grids: Power electronic converters of mass equipment Level and frequency spectrum of emission depends on circuit topology Manufacturer interest: Cost-effective production Used circuit topology (especially for mass equipment) depends on limits/standards that apply (e.g. IEC 61000-3-2) Popular circuit topologies:

3. 3 Meyer, Jan – GERMANY – Session 2 – Paper 0755 Institute of Electrical Power Systems and High Voltage Engineering Situation in public LV grids No or relaxed limits for illumination up to 25W electronic equipment up to 75W Tighter limits for illumination above 25W electronic equipment above 75W Public LV grids: Mixture of mass-equipment with different circuit topologies and consequently different harmonic emission Probably preferred circuit technology: Actual status quo of harmonic cancellation in LV grids ? Influence of technology changes or shifts in equipment mixture ? Survey of individual emission of mass equipment and analysis of cancellation effects for 3rd and 5th harmonic Small eq. large eq.

4. 4 Meyer, Jan – GERMANY – Session 2 – Paper 0755 Institute of Electrical Power Systems and High Voltage Engineering Overview of measured equipment (1) Total number of equipment: 151 pieces Lamps: 74x CFL (P 25W) 5x CFL (P > 25W) 11x SSL (P 25W) Electronic equipment: EE1 – 30x Office small (P 75W) EE2 – 18x Office large (P > 75W) EE3 – 13x Household small (P < 75W) Large household equipment not yet considered Scenario with dominating share of modern lamps -> analyse CFL impact CFL – Compact flourescent lamps SSL – Solid state lamps (LED) EE - (Other) electronic equipment

5. 5 Meyer, Jan – GERMANY – Session 2 – Paper 0755 Institute of Electrical Power Systems and High Voltage Engineering Overview of measured equipment (2) Different circuit topologies -> different waveforms and THDi values Clear identification of different groups possible Lamps Office small Household small Office large WaveformsTotal harmonic distortion

6. 6 Meyer, Jan – GERMANY – Session 2 – Paper 0755 Institute of Electrical Power Systems and High Voltage Engineering No power factor correction (nPFC) – Type (c) Small, high current peaks -> high harmonic content Preferential phase angle of3rd harmonic: 195 5th harmonic: 30 Waveform5th harmonic current Office small Household small

7. 7 Meyer, Jan – GERMANY – Session 2 – Paper 0755 Institute of Electrical Power Systems and High Voltage Engineering Cancellation effect of measured equipment Better phase angle diversity for 5th compared to 3rd harmonic Different levels of cancellation effect for analysed equipment/lamp mixture at 3rd and 5th harmonic 3rd harmonic current 5th harmonic current Lamps Office small Household small Office large

8. 8 Meyer, Jan – GERMANY – Session 2 – Paper 0755 Institute of Electrical Power Systems and High Voltage Engineering Impact of changing technologies Best cancellation effect for CFL combined with passive PFC equipment Virtually no contribution to cancellation effect of 5th harmonic by active PFC equipment 5th harmonic current No PFC (past) Passive PFC (today) Active PFC (future) Cancellation effect

9. 9 Meyer, Jan – GERMANY – Session 2 – Paper 0755 Institute of Electrical Power Systems and High Voltage Engineering Experiment at single family house Expected changes of harmonic vectors for CFL switched ON/OFF ON/OFF comparison for 5th harmonic: Similar magnitudes (210mA), different phase angles (-40° -> 148°) -> Influence of CFL only identifiable by phase angle evaluation for this case ! 3rd harmonic current 5th harmonic current

10. 10 Meyer, Jan – GERMANY – Session 2 – Paper 0755 Institute of Electrical Power Systems and High Voltage Engineering Historical development in one specific public LV grid Measurement on Saturdays in 1999 and 2010 for 2 load states: No changes in consumer or network topology Decrease of 5th harmonic, but increase of 3rd harmonic current Phase angle shift: Indication for increased number of passive PFC equipment (technology change stipulated by 61000-3-2) 3rd harmonic current 5th harmonic current

11. 11 Meyer, Jan – GERMANY – Session 2 – Paper 0755 Institute of Electrical Power Systems and High Voltage Engineering Conclusions Efficiency of cancellation effect differs for different harmonics. -> overall optimization Future changes or adaptions of standards should always ensure a good effectiveness of cancellation effects -> force phase angle diversity First grid measurement doesnt show dominating influence of modern lamps today (general conclusions not yet possible !). -> further development, installations with single type of equipment Next steps: Long-term monitoring of low order harmonic currents (magnitude and phase angle) in different consumer structures -> identify possible changes in effectiveness of cancellation effect Development of web-based database for exchange of measurement data with other research institutions -> improve efficiency of research in this field

12. Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011 Thank you for your attention ! Contact details: Jan Meyer Technische Universität Dresden Institute of Electrical Power Systems and High Voltage Engenieering 01062 Dresden tel. +49-351-463 35102 fax. +49-351-463 37036 email: jan.meyer@tu-dresden.de

13. 13 Meyer, Jan – GERMANY – Session 2 – Paper 0755 Institute of Electrical Power Systems and High Voltage Engineering Preferential phase angles of measured equipment 3rd harmonic current 5th harmonic current CFL No PFC Passive PFC Active PFC Good cancellation between no PFC and passive PFC equipment; favorable phase angle of CFL Cancellation effect more effective for 5th harmonic