1. Teknologi Bangunan Berkecekapan Tenaga
RAT 430: Teknologi Rekabentuk Bangunan Berkecekapan Tenaga
Teknologi Bangunan Berkecekapan Tenaga
Kuliah 2b
Dr. Mohd Zin Kandar

2. Contents of EE Technology
Lighting
Air-conditioning & MV
Toilet & Water conservation
Electrical motor
Refrigerator and Freezer
Water Supply
Other EE Features
BANGUNAN
BERKECEKAPAN
TENAGA
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

3. Lighting Lighting – general EE Lighting Lighting layout
Lighting sensors
Lighting control

4. Lighting Principles and Terms
To choose the best lighting options, you should understand basic lighting terms. This section explains terminology used in the industry
1. Illumination
A lumen is a measurement of light output from a lamp, (often called a tube or a bulb). All lamps are rated in lumens. For example, a 100-watt incandescent lamp produces about 1750 lumens.
The distribution of light on a horizontal surface is called its illumination. Illumination is measured in footcandles. A footcandle of illumination is a lumen of light distributed over a 1-square-foot (0.09-square-meter) area.
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

5. Lighting Principles and Terms
The amount of illumination required varies according to the difficulty of a visual task. Ideal illumination is the minimum footcandles necessary to allow you to perform a task comfortably and proficiently without eyestrain.
The Illuminating Engineering Society says that illumination of 30 to 50 footcandles is adequate for most home and office work. Difficult and lengthy visual tasks—like sewing for extended periods of time—require 200 to 500 footcandles. Where no seeing tasks (i.e., tasks whose speed and accuracy of completion are affected by quality and quantity of light) are performed, lighting systems need to provide only security, safety, or visual comfort—requiring from 5 to 20 footcandles of illumination.
2. efficacy.
This is the ratio of light output from a lamp to the electric power it consumes and is measured in lumens per watt (LPW).
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

6. TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA
Efficacy of Common Lamps
Efficacy;
This is the ratio of light output from a lamp to the electric power it consumes and is measured in lumens per watt (LPW).
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

7. Lighting Principles and Terms
3. Lighting Uses
Experts divide lighting uses into three categories:
Ambient lighting,
Ambient lighting provides security and safety, as well as general illumination for performing daily activities.
Task lighting,
The goal of task lighting is to provide enough illumination so that tasks can be completed accurately but not provide so much light that entire areas are illuminated.
accent lighting.
Accent lighting illuminates walls so they blend more closely with naturally bright areas like ceilings and windows
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

8. Lighting Principles and Terms
4. Light Quality
Light quality describes how well people in a lighted space can see to do visual tasks and how visually comfortable they feel in that space.
Light quality is important to energy efficiency because spaces with higher quality lighting need less illumination. High-quality lighting is fairly uniform in brightness and has no glare.
5. Glare
Eliminating glare (i.e., excessive brightness from a direct light source) is essential to achieving good lighting quality. Types of glare include direct glare, reflected glare, and veiling reflections.
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

9. Lighting Principles and Terms
6. Light Color
Lamps are assigned a color temperature (according to the Kelvin temperature scale) based on their "coolness" or "warmness." The human eye perceives colors as cool if they are at the blue-green end of the color spectrum, and warm if they are at the red end of the spectrum.
Generally, sources below 3200K are considered “warm” while those above 4000K are considered “cool.”
7. Color Rendering
Color Rendering Index (CRI) - a scale from 0-100, is a measure of how well a lamp renders color.
A lamp with a CRI of 100 makes objects appear as they do in sunlight.
CRI can only be compared for lamps of similar color temperature.
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

10. TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA
Light Sources
1. Incandescent
2. Gaseous Discharge
A. Low Pressure Gaseous Discharge
Fluorescent
Low pressure sodium
B. High Intensity Discharge (HID)
Mercury vapor
Metal halide
High pressure sodium
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

11. TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA
Types of Lighting
There are four basic types of lighting:
incandescent,
fluorescent,
high-intensity discharge (HID),
low-pressure sodium.
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

12. TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA
Types of Lighting
1. Incandescent
Incandescent lamps are the least expensive to buy but the most expensive to operate.
Incandescent light is produced by a tiny coil of tungsten wire that glows when it is heated by an electrical current.
Incandescent lamps have the shortest lives of the common lighting types.
They are also relatively inefficient compared with other lighting types. However, significant energy and cost savings are possible if you select the right incandescent lamp for the right job.
70%-90% of the power consumed is lost as heat.
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13. TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA
Types of Lighting
1. Incandescent
The three most common types of incandescent lights are
standard incandescent,
tungsten halogen, and
reflector lamps.
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

14. TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA
Types of Lighting
2. Fluorescent
The light produced by a fluorescent tube is caused by an electric current conducted through mercury and inert gases.
Fluorescent lighting is used mainly indoors—both for ambient and task lighting.
About 3 to 4 times as efficient as incandescent lighting.
Last about 10 times longer than incandescent. But, to gain the most efficiency, you should install fluorescents in places where they will be on for several hours at a time.
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

15. TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA
Types of Lighting
2. Fluorescent
Fluorescent lights need ballasts (i.e., devices that control the electricity used by the unit) for starting and circuit protection. Ballasts consume energy.
Can increase the energy savings for existing fluorescent lighting by relamping (e.g., replacing an existing lamp with one of a lower wattage), replacing ballasts, and replacing fixtures with more efficient models..
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

16. TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA
Types of Lighting
2. Fluorescent
Compact fluorescent
Energy savings up to 75% over incandescent lamps.
Longer lamp life equals reduced maintenance costs.
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

17. TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA
Types of Lighting
3. High-Intensity Discharge (HID)
High-intensity discharge (HID) lamps provide the highest efficacy and
longest service life of any lighting type.
They are commonly used for outdoor lighting and in large indoor arenas.
HID lamps use an electric arc to produce intense light.
They also require ballasts, and they take a few seconds to produce light when first turned on because the ballast needs time to establish the electric arc.
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

18. TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA
Types of Lighting
3. High-Intensity Discharge (HID)
The three most common types of HID lamps are
mercury vapor,
metal halide, and
high-pressure sodium.
HID lamps and fixtures can save 75% to 90% of lighting energy when they replace incandescent lamps and fixtures.
Significant energy savings are also possible by replacing old mercury vapor lamps with newer metal halide or high-pressure sodium lamps.
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

19. TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA
Types of Lighting
4. Low-Pressure Sodium
Low-pressure sodium lamps work somewhat like fluorescent lamps.
They are the most efficient artificial lighting, have the longest service life, and maintain their light output better than any other lamp type.
Low-pressure sodium lighting is used where color is not important because it renders all colors as tones of yellow or gray.
Typical applications include highway and security lighting.
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

20. TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA
EE Lighting
Lighting accounts for 20% to 25% of all electricity consumed in the developed countries.
An average household dedicates 5% to 10% of its energy budget to lighting,
Commercial establishments consume 20% to 30% of their total energy just for lighting.
In a typical residential or commercial lighting installation, 50% or more of the energy is wasted by obsolete equipment, inadequate maintenance, or inefficient use.
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

21. Energy Efficiency with Lighting
Saving lighting energy requires either reducing electricity consumed by the light source or reducing the length of time the light source is on.
This can be accomplished by:
Lowering wattage, which involves replacing lamps or entire fixtures
Reducing the light source's on-time, which means improving lighting controls and educating users to turn off unneeded lights
Using daylighting, which reduces energy consumption by replacing electric lights with natural light
Performing simple maintenance, which preserves illumination and light quality and allows lower initial illumination levels.
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

22. Conventional vs Energy Efficiency light bulb
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

23. Conventional vs Energy Efficiency light bulb
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

24. Dimmable Electronic ballasts
A solid-state ballast that can provide variable light output in response to a signal (from a photosenso, for example).
A fluorescent lamp is a gas discharge light that requires a ballast (either magnetic or electronic) to provide high initial voltage for start-up and to regulate current during operation.
Electronic ballasts use solid-state technology and operate at higher frequencies and efficiencies than do magnetic ballasts.
Operating lamps with electronic ballasts reduce electricity use by 10 to 15% over magnetic ballasts for the same light output.
Electronic ballasts also offer reduced flicker, lower weight, less noise and longer life than do magnetic ballasts.
Electronic ballasts are also available as dimming ballasts. These ballasts allow the light level to be controlled between 1% and 100%. Magnetic ballasts are also available with dimming capability, but they cannot be dimmed below 20% and use more electricity than do electronic ballasts.
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

25. Dimmable Electronic ballasts
Dimmable electronic ballasts can be controlled by photosensors, occupancy sensors and/or a time clock.
It is estimated that the combination of photosensor control and dimmable electronic ballasts can reduce annual electricity use by 50% over non-dimming systems.
The combination of all three control methods can save approximately 75% of electricity use.
Application Electronic dimmable ballasts are best used where the need for electric light is constantly changing (such as the perimeter zones of offices). If only two or three light levels are needed (high level for occupied/low level for unoccupied), it would be better to use conventional electronic ballasts and control the number of lamps that are operated.
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

26. TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA
Exit Sign Lighting
Due to continuous operation, upgrades offer the potential for huge reductions in energy and maintenance costs.
40 watt incandescent exit signs with a lamp life of 7000 hours should be retrofitted with a light-emitting diode (LED) sign consuming between 2-5 watts with a 25+ year life.
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

27. Replacing Lamps and Fixtures
"Relamping" means substituting one lamp for another to save energy. You can decide to make illumination higher or lower when relamping. But be sure that the new lamp's lumen output fits the tasks performed in the space and conforms to the fixture's specifications.
When relamping an entire store or office, first test the new lamps in a small area to ensure adequate illumination, occupant satisfaction, and compatibility of the new lamp and the old fixture.
Matching replacement lamps to existing fixtures and ballasts can be tricky, especially with older fixtures. Buying new fixtures made for new lamps produces superior energy savings, reliability, and longevity compared with relamping.
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

28. Replacing Lamps and Fixtures
Use linear fluorescent and energy-efficient compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) in fixtures to provide high-quality and high-efficiency lighting. Fluorescent lamps are much more efficient than incandescent bulbs and last 6 to 10 times longer.
Although fluorescent and compact fluorescent lamps are more expensive than incandescent bulbs, they pay for themselves by saving energy over their lifetime.
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

29. Lighting circuit design
Response to daylight level 1 2 2 1
Section
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA
Plan

30. Lighting circuit design
PSALI 1 2 2 1
Section
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA
Plan

31. Improving Lighting Controls
Lighting controls are devices for turning lights on and off or for dimming them. The simplest type is a standard snap switch. Other controls are photocells, timers, occupancy sensors, and dimmers.
Snap switches, located in numerous convenient areas, make it easier for people in large, shared spaces to turn off lights in unused areas.
Photocells turn lights on and off in response to natural light levels. Photo-cells switch outdoor lights on at dusk and off at dawn, for example. Advanced designs gradually raise and lower fluorescent light levels with changing daylight levels.
Mechanical or electronic time clocks automatically turn on and off indoor or outdoor lights for security, safety, and tasks such as janitorial work.
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

32. Lighting circuit design
Daylight sensor 1 2 2 1
Section
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA
Plan

33. Lighting circuit design
Movement / occupant sensor 1 2 2 1
Section
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA
Plan

34. RE lighting

35. TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA
SM watt Solar Panel & APM Mount
100 LED Fight Fixture
MorningStar SunLight Controller
8A27 AGM Batteries
Lockable Battery Box
Light Post Mounting Arm (Mounts to any Standard Pole; Pole Not Included)
Panels and post arm mount easily to any standard Pole
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

36. EE lighting installation (case study)

37. TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA
ENERGY-10 Optimisation
LEO Building
KTAK/no Daylight use
KTAK
125
KWh/m2 year
111
100
100 75 67
kWh / m² 64 50 25 25 25 18 11
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA
Cooling
Lights
Other
Total

38. TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

39. Improved Energy Performance by Review of Design Criteria
LEO Building
Improved Energy Performance
by Review of Design Criteria
Topic
Standard Requirement
KTAK LEO
Requirement
Actual data in LEO Design
Design Temperature
Small Power
Illuminance
23 oC
24 oC
24 oC
Lighting Power
20 W/m2
16 W/m2
8 -10 W/m2
27 W/m2
20 W/m2
6 - 8 W/m2
500 lux
500 lux
~ 400 lux
TEKNOLOGI REKABENTUK BANGUNAN BERKECEKAPAN TENAGA

40. Terima Kasih