1. Classification

2. CLASSIFICATION
Why are some kinds of organisms similar and others NOT similar?
Question to be answered later?
How can we make sense of (explain) this diversity?
How can we organize what we know about these organisms?

3. CLASSIFICATION Necessary? YES !!
~ 1 million species of plants,
5-10 million species of animals
+ fungi, protists, bacteria
no good estimates of numbers of species
Human mind needs to organize information.
08 June 2009
Classification.ppt

4. Answer: CLASSIFY
Similar “types” (species) grouped together, separated from other species.
Then, group similar groups together, etc.

5. Chapter 18—Classification
Similar species grouped together are called genera (single—genus).

6. Each species is given a long name called a polynomial.
Polynomial was a long description of that species.
--Using this system was too complex.

7. 18th Century~ Carl von Linnaeus developed system where it uses only 2 names.
1st –was the genus (in Latin)
2nd –is specific epithet (adjective to describe it)

8. Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778 Classification system
Taxonomic groups of related organisms

9. Ex) Homo sapien
homo—latin for humans
sapiens—means knowing or wise
This two part method of naming species— binomial nomenclature

10. Rules:
1st word always capitalized
In Italics or underlined
1st word can be abbreviated
ex. Drosophilia melangaster— D. melangastor

11. CLASSIFICATION Classification system organizes biological knowledge.
Classification itself is HYPOTHESIS about relationships, similarity because of common ancestry.
08 June 2009
Classification.ppt

12. Taxonomic Groups

13. Levels of classification:
2 Vast Groups: first identified were…
Plant or Animal --> Kingdom (General)
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species (Specific)  
(King Philip Comes Over For Great Soup)

15. Classification of Man Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia
Order Primates
Family Hominidae
Genus Homo
Species Homo sapiens

16. Taxonomist—scientists who study classification
--separate organisms based on evolutionary relationships
Phylogeny—evolutionary history of species

17. Classification Systems—
3 Kingdom Vs. 5 Kingdom
Old system was 3 Kingdoms:
Plant
Animal
Protists—one celled organisms and others that were clearly neither plants nor animals

18. Note:nucleus with membrane-bound organelles—eukaryotes
Prokaryotes— lack these structures

19. Current System—5 Kingdom
Since 1969—
Criteria for Kingdoms:
# of cells in an organism
has or does not have a nucleus
mode of nutrition
Mode of reproduction

21. (Note no virus category—“non-living”)
Kingdoms:
Monerans (Bacteria)
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
(Note no virus category—“non-living”)

22. *
* Archaea

23. Kingdom Monera or Eubacteria
Single celled
Prokaryotic
Make or absorb food
Cell wall
peptidoglycan

24. Kingdom Archaea Single celled Prokaryotic Make or absorb food DNA
Similar to Eukaryotic
Cell wall
Pseudopeptidoglycan
or protein only