1. Language in Communication
LANGUAGE AND SEX  
◆ Biological/Physical versus Sociological/Cultural Factors  
1. Patterns of Language Use across Sexes  
1.1 Sex-exclusive speech differences  
(See examples 2 & 3, p. 165)  

2. Language in Communication
1.2 Sex-preferential speech features  
(Women tend to use more socially favored linguistic features while men tend to use more socially disfavored variants.)  
◆ (See Figure 7.1, p.169)  
◆ Trudgill (1972) on [er], [o], [a]  
◆ 廖國輝 (1988):  

3. Language in Communication
1.3 Female Register  
(strong versus weak expressions, neutral versus women’s adjectives)  
◆ Lakoff (1975): female register represent- ed by weak expletives, women adjectives, tag questions, question intonation with statement syntax and weak directive acts  
◆ Chu Mei-yee BA dissertation (1996) 

4. Language in Communication
1.4 Conversations Between Men and Women  
(Interruption vs. support, topic control)  
◆ West Zimmerman (1975) on sex roles, interruption and silences  
◆ Yuling Pan’s PhD dissertation (1994)   

5. Language in Communication
2. Sociolinguistic Explanation  
2.1 Social expectation and the language of sex   
2.2 Social inspiration and the language of sex  
2.3 Social hierarchy and the language of sex  
2.4 Speech accommodation