1. Introduction to Katrina Litigation

2. Saden v. Kirby, 660 So.2d 423 (La. 1995)
New Orleans Sewerage and Water
2 big pumps, one little one
underground power line for big pumps
generator to run one big pump
power line for big pumps went down
was still down when flood occurred 3 months later - finally fixed 6 months after the fault
Was this negligence or discretion?

3. Pumps in Katrina Why are there pumps in New Orleans?
Why did they shut down the pumps during Katrina?
What is the city's Berkovitz's defense for shutting down the pumps?
What facts raise the specter of Saden?
Why are plaintiffs avoiding suing the parishes and the levee control boards?

4. The Levee Cases

5. Flood Control Act of 1928 What happened in 1927?
What are the immunity provisions?
Flood Control Act of 1928, 33 U. S. C. §702c -- which states that "[n]o liability of any kind shall attach to or rest upon the United States for any damage from or by floods or flood waters at any place"
Why did Congress provide this immunity?

6. How do you get into Court in Flood Act Cases?
Is there jurisdiction in the Flood Control Act?
Are these Bivens cases?
FTCA
What do you need to do before you go to court?
What do you need to show about the feds decisionmaking?

7. Graci v. United States, 456 F.2d 20 (5th Cir. 1971)
Where was the flood?
What caused it?
Which Corp project is being attacked?
What was the purpose of this project?
Why is it inherently risky?
St Bernard and Plaquamines - Betsy
Mississippi River -- Gulf Outlet, a navigation project that provided a short-cut from the Gulf of Mexico to New Orleans.

8. Court's Analysis Did the Flood Control Act of 1928 apply in this case?
What standard would you then apply in determining the government's liability?
Was the government liable?
What did the government then do?
Why does this ultimately drive the characterization of the levees in the Katrina cases?

9. Florida East Coast Railway Co. v. United States, 519 F
Florida East Coast Railway Co. v. United States, 519 F.2d 1184 (5th Cir. 1975)
What was the purpose of the project?
Was the flooding due to levee failure?
How did plaintiffs argue that the Corps should be liable, even it if was a flood control project?
Appeals Court
The federal courts, however, have reached a consensus that the United States is protected from liability for damages caused by "floods or flood waters" in connection with flood control projects, even when the government's own negligence has caused or aggravated the losses.
No, it overloaded the ancillary drainage

10. Central Green Co. v. United States, 531 U.S. 425 (2001)
California Water Project - irrigation
Some parts are related to flood control
Damage is related to irrigation function
Government says immunity if any is flood control
United States Supreme Court
The text of the statute does not include the words "flood control project." Rather, it states that immunity attaches to "any damage from or by floods or flood waters " Accordingly, the text of the statute directs us to determine the scope of the immunity conferred, not by the character of the federal project or the purposes it serves, but by the character of the waters that cause the relevant damage and the purposes behind their release.

11. Sorting out a Dual Purpose
Even if the project has a flood control purpose, the Act does not grant immunity if the damage was not related to a flood.
Would this mean, however, that even a dual purpose project would be immune it was a flood?
How far does immunity go?
Suppose the Corps drops a load of dirt on your house while building the levee?
(If the Corps actually built anything anymore)

12. Levee Issues in Katrina
What are the negligence claims against the Corp?
Against the levee district?
What are the Corp's immunity claims?
Are any of the damages not covered by the Flood Control Act?
What are the purposes of the canals?
What are the Corp's discretionary authority defenses?