1. Latin America: Revolution and Reaction in to the 21st Century

2. Overall Trends in L.America
19th Century = Independence from Europe Rise of the Caudillos (dictators) and increasing involvement by U.S. (economic) Early 20th Century = Hurt economies by WWI and Great Depression strengthen caudillos Calls for revolution and change Post war 20th Century= Caudillos overthrown but usually led to communist governments leads to U.S. involvement to get rid of communism Return to dictators and then finally unstable republics

3. Mexico
PRI (Party of the Institutionalized Revolution) dominated politics for most of the 20th century but support shifted from peasants to all people and was eventually undone by corruption and lack of social improvement
Zapatistas uprising over key social issues like equal rights and land redistribution- government responded with repression and negotiation
2000 election of Vicente Fox ended PRI domination

4. NAFTA
NAFTA- North American Free Trade Agreement- increases trade by lowering barriers (tariffs

5. Same Problems- New World
Most leaders agreed that development and economic strength were keys to success but disagreed on how to achieve them
Post WWII world offered alternative, namely Marxism
Failure of political democratization, economic development, and social reforms led to radical solutions

6. Guatemala Pop. mostly illiterate, poor health conditions
1944 Juan Jose Arevalo- president- began reform but came into conflict with United Fruit Company
1951 Jacobo Arbenz- more radical leader who wanted to nationalize industry and got help from the USSR
U.S. responds to Arbenz’s changes with economic and diplomatic restrictions
1954 U.S. invades Guatemala and replaces it with a U.S. – friendly regime

7. Cuban Revolution
High U.S. interest in Cuba- By 1950s 75% of Cuban imports were U.S.
Fulgencio Batista- authoritarian leader who had reform programs that were ineffective
July 26, 1953 Fidel Castro launched an unsuccessful attack on military barracks
Fled to Mexico and got help from Che Guevara

8. Castro Takes Power 1958 the “26th of July Movement”
Castro’s changes- centralized socialist economy, 1961 cut off ties with U.S. and turned toward Soviet Union
1961 Cuban Missile Crisis
Results of revolution mixed- social programs extensive but attempts to strengthen economy not as successful (return to sugar)

9. Search for Reform
Political stability to promote growth was one option but this was often a repressive political system
Liberation theology
Emerged within the church hierarchy
Combined Catholic theology and socialist principles to improve conditions of the poor

10. Soldiers Take Power
As the L. American military became more professional, they began to see themselves as above the selfish interests of politicians
1960s military began to intervene directly: 1964 Brazilian military (with U.S. support) overthrew the elected president; Argentina; 1973 Chile- overthrew Salvador Allende
Once in power had new type of bureaucratic authoritarian rule (silenced critics. Dirty war in Argentina where many disappeared)
Working class hit hardest by gov. economic policies. Structural problems still existed- land ownership remained the same
All nationalistic leaders

11. Return to Democratic Rule
Mid-1980s military began to return gov. to civilian politicians partly because cold war was over and U.S. wouldn’t be so heavily involved and because they grew tired of the economic pressure and opponents
Huge debt from loans taken in the 1970s
Drug trade

12. United States in Latin America
After WWI- U. S. emerged as dominant power in the hemisphere
Private investments and loans from the U. S. were chief means of influence
Banana Republics
Foreign intervention led to growing nationalist reaction
Roosevelt – Good Neighbor Policy – deal more fairly with L. America and stop direct U. S. intervention- forgotten about during Cold War
Belief that economic dev. would eliminate popularity of radical forces
1961 Alliance for Progress- wanted to develop the region economically- but most said it only benefited the elites
Carter treaty to cede Panama control of the Panama Canal

13. Map of US involvement

14. Women in Latin America
After WWI still unequal and no suffrage until 1950s
Slowly women began to organize and demand change
Before WWI women entered the workforce in factories but salaries lower than men’s and they started to join anarchist, socialist, and other labor organizations
By mid-1990s position of women close to w. Europe and N. America- more than any other part of the world

15. Migration in Latin America
Cities grow as more and more people move to find work in cities
Economic hardships also push migration to the United States