1. AFRICAN & ASIAN
INDEPENDENCE

3. BRITISH RULE OVER INDIA
Britain ruled India for many years, & Indians pressing for self-rule  felt deserved it after involvement in WWII
Britain rethinking expense of maintaining distant colonies

4. East Pakistan larger population & felt neglected by government in West Pakistan  Rebellion broke out & Indian army lent support to East Pakistan
Army of West Pakistan, which had occupied the East, withdrew & new nation of Bangladesh was formed from East Pakistan

5. MOHANDAS GANDHI Nonviolent protestor for Indian independence
Admired as Mahatma or “Great Soul”

6. INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (INC)
A.k.a. Congress Party was a national political party that represented India
1940s – India had 350 million Hindus & 100 million Muslims
Most members of INC were Hindus, but Muslims were important as well (even to hold office)

7. MUSLIM LEAGUE 1906 –goal to protect Muslim interests in India
Concerned Congress Party (or INC) would look out for Hindu interests
Leader insisted Muslims resign from Congress Party & not accept Indian independence if ruled by Hindu-dominated Congress Party
British encouraging this division
League proposed partition (dividing up) of India into separate Hindu and Muslim nations  with a Hindu India & Muslim Pakistan
Riots started  Gandhi deeply hurt

8. INDIA GAINS INDEPENDENCE
July 1947, Britain granted India/Pakistan independence
Millions of Hindus, Muslims, & Sikhs have to relocate
Summer 1947, while 10 million people moved, roughly 1 million died from massacres
Jan. 30, 1948 Gandhi went to Delhi to plead for fair treatment of Muslims  was shot by Hindu extremist who thought Gandhi was too protective of Muslims

9. MODERN INDIA WITH JAWAHARLAL NEHRU
Aug. 15, 1947, India was freed & became world’s largest democracy  federal system
Jawaharlal Nehru  India’s first prime minister; one of Gandhi’s followers
Supported Western-style industrialization
Called for reorganization of states by language
Tried to elevate status of lower castes & expand rights of women

10. Indira Gandhi Nehru’s daughter  prime minister in 1966
Formed closer relationship between India & SU during Cold War
Encouraged nuclear program in India
Increased food grain production
Faced a threat from Sikh extremists who wanted an independent state for Sikhs
Was gunned down by two of her Sikh bodyguards  led to small war

11. CEYLON TO SRI LANKA
Ceylon independent in  changed name to Sri Lanka
¾ of Sri Lanka 16 million people are Buddhists

12. AFRICA

13. NEW NATIONS IN AFRICA
Africa not willing to go back to colonial rule after WWII, especially after helping in the war
Africa’s main problem was negative impact of colonial rule
Gold Coast becomes 1st African colony to gain independence (south of Sahara) & took name Ghana

14. JOMO KENYATTA & MAU MAU REBELLION
British settlers not willing to give up Kenya lands
New strong Kenyan leader – Jomo Kenyatta worked hard to unite ethnic/language groups
Rise of Mau Mau secret society made up of Kenyan farmers forced out of the highlands by British
Mau Mau’s aim  frighten white farmers into leaving
Kenyatta had no connection to Mau Mau, but refused to condemn them  was imprisoned by British
Kenya granted independence & Kenyatta was released  became 1st president

15. SOUTH AFRICA
South Africa had constitutional government, but gave whites power & denied black majority its rights
1948 National Party promoted Nationalism  instituted apartheid, a complete separation of the races National Congress (ANC) to fight for their rights  leader, Nelson Mandela
Mandela joined fight for black rights & lost; was imprisoned for 27 years
1990, finally won & ANC became legalized
Mandela released from prison  4 years later , elected president of South Africa until 1999
Under Mandela, South Africa became a democratic constitution

16. INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS IN AFRICA
Right to self-determination (U.N Charter)
Peaceful and violent revolutions after WWII
Pride in African cultures and heritage
Resentment of imperial rule and economic exploitation
Loss of colonies by Great Britain, France, Belgium, & Portugal
Influence of superpower rivalry during Cold War

17. INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS & DEVELOPMENT
West Africa: peaceful transition
Algeria: War of Independence from France
Kenya (Britain): Violent struggle under leadership of Jomo Kenyatta
South Africa: Black South Africans’ struggle against apartheid led by Nelson Mandela (1st black president of Republic of South Africa)

18. BRITAIN

19. MARGARET THATCHER British Prime Minister 1979-1990
Longest Prime Minister & first/only woman to serve
Nicknamed “Iron Lady”
Promotes free trade & less government regulation of business
Close relationship with US & US foreign policy
Assertion of Britain’s military power

20. CHINA

21. CHINA FOLLOWS ITS OWN PATH
Mao died in 1976  moderates took control of Communist Party
Deng Xiaoping - leader of new Communist Party
Willing to use capitalist ideas to support economy
Welcomed foreign investment & technology
Created long-term relationship with US

22. MIDDLE EAST

23. DIVISION OF PALESTINE & ISRAEL
A portion of Palestine was taken and made into Israel, giving the Jewish people a homeland and trying to solve some of the conflict
Jews claim land 3,000 years ago; Palestinians claim land after Jews driven out 135 AD; Arabs claim land since conquest in 7th century
Realizing the amount of conflict, Britain referred idea of partition to UN with Jerusalam being international city owned by neither side
All Islamic countries and Palestinians voted against it, but Jews welcomed it  US & many in Europe felt sorry for Jews after Holocaust & supported the decision
May 14, 1948 creation of Israel was announced as Jewish homeland

24. GAMAL ABDEL NASSER President of Egypt
Ordered seizure of Suez Canal from British  won
Established relationship with Soviet Union  helped him to build up military
Wanted to confront Israel, but lost men & some land

25. NASSER’S DAM
BUILT THE ASWAN HIGH DAM  over the Nile

26. ANWAR SADAT & GOLDA MEIR
Nasser’s successor of Egypt, Anwar Sadat  planned joint Arab attack on Yom Kippur (holiest of Jewish holidays)
Golda Meir  Israel’s Prime Minister; launched counterattack & regained most of land back (with help of US)
Truce signed, ending 1973 war  but tensions still high

27. LAST DAMN SLIDE OF THE YEAR!!

28. MANDATES IN THE MIDDLE EAST
Was established by League of Nations
Granted independence after WWII
French Mandates: Syria & Lebanon
British Mandates: Jordan (originally Transjordan) & Palestine
Resulted in Middle east conflicts created by religious differences  continues to this day