1. The Chemistry Of Life
Chapter 7

2. Atom- The smallest particle of matter

4. Element A substance made up of all of the same atoms.
This cannot be broken down into a simpler substance.

5. Elements In Organisms 90 of the elements occur naturally.
Symbol
% in Human Body
Oxygen O
65.0
Carbon C
18.5
Hydrogen H
9.5
Nitrogen N
3.3
Calcium Ca
1.5
Phosphorus P
1.0
Potassium K
0.4
Sulfur S
0.3
Sodium Na
0.2
Chlorine Cl
Magnesium Mg
0.1
90 of the elements occur naturally.
Less than 25 elements are essential to living organisms.

6. Trace Elements
Some elements are necessary, but only in very tiny amounts.
Trace elements help to maintain healthy cells.
Some of the trace elements essential to life include:
Iron, Iodine, Copper, Manganese, Cobalt, Boron, Zinc, Fluorine, Selenium and Chromium

7. Molecules & Compounds
When two atoms chemically combine, or bond, they become a molecule, or a compound.

8. Water- An Important Molecule
Water is a compound made up of 1 Oxygen and 2 Hydrogen atoms= H2O.
Water makes up % of organisms.
Water dissolves materials so they can be transported.
Water is a POLAR MOLECULE, which means that one end has a positive charge and the other end has a negative charge.

9. Chemical Reactions
When chemical reactions occur, bonds between atoms are formed or broken and substances are changed into new substances.
Chemical reactions involve energy.
Chemical reactions are necessary to break down and build molecules organisms need to function.
All the chemical reactions that happen in an organism constitute that organism’s METABOLISM.

10. Biochemistry- The Substances Of Life
Organic Compounds:
Compounds that contain Carbon (C)
Organic substances are made by living things.
For example:
Organic materials- silk, cotton, wool

11. Role of Carbon
Carbon has the ability to bond with many other elements.
They can bond together as chains, branched chains or rings.
There is an infinite variety of possible carbon structures- allowing for a great variety of organic substances.

12. Molecular Chains
Carbons compounds can be as small as a few carbon atoms, or as large as a few thousand atoms.
The larger molecules are called macromolecules.
Cells are able to build macromolecules by bonding smaller molecules together into chains called polymers.

13. Types Of Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

14. CARBOHYDRATES
An organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
There are 2 H for every 1 O and 1 C.
For Example:C2H4O2
Use: To store and release energy.

15. TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES
Saccharide = Sugar
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

16. Monosaccharides One sugar molecule A simple sugar Examples: Glucose
Fructose

17. Disaccharides A two sugar carbohydrate
Two monosaccharide sugars bond together.
Example:
When fructose and glucose bond
Sucrose is formed. (aka table sugar)

18. Polysaccharides Poly = many
The largest carbohydrates, polymers composed of many monosaccharides.
Examples:
Starch, cellulose, and glycogen
Starch is made of highly branched chains of glucose molecules. Used as food storage by plants.
Glycogen: energy storage for animals
Cellulose: forms the walls of plants

19. Lipids: Fats & Oils
Organic compounds that have a large quantity of C-H bonds, but less O than carbohydrates.
Use:
long term energy storage
Insulation
Protective coatings
Major component of membranes

20. Properties of Lipids
Insoluble- do not dissolve in water

21. Types of Lipids SATURATED Solid at Room Temperature Double bonds
Animal based products
Examples:
Fats in Butter & Steak
UNSATURATED
Liquid at Room Temperature
Single bonds
Plant based products
Examples:
Peanut oil
Corn oil
Olive oil

22. Proteins A large, complex organic polymer composed of Amino Acids.
Consist of C, H, O, N, and S
Use:
The building blocks of structural components
1. Muscle contraction, 2. transporting oxygen, 3. immunity and 4. chemical reactions

23. Amino Acids Proteins are long chains of amino acids.
There are 20 amino acids.
Amino acids are linked together by a peptide bond.

24. Enzymes
Type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions.

25. Nucleic Acids Organic polymers composed of nucleotides.
Consist of C, H, O, N, and P.
Use:
Store hereditary information.
Control cell function
Store information to make proteins.

26. Types of Nucleic Acids DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Contain instructions for life.

27. Nucleotides A Nucleic Acid is made up of many nucleotides.
Nucleotides are made of:
A sugar
A Nitrogen Base
A Phosphate Group

28. ATP = Energy ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) Carries energy in cells
One nucleotide
Two energy- storing phosphate groups
Carries energy in cells