1. Ch.21 The French Revolution

2. What were the causes of the French Revolution?
a. Social causes?
b.Economical causes?
c.Intellectual causes?

3. a. Social causes 1.French society divided in 3 estates: I clergy
II nobles
III everyone else-only the III Estate has to pay taxes
1789-1/3 of the Parisian population unemployed
Children have to work

4. b. Economical causes 1.fiscal crisis ( due the many wars)
2. France in debt.
3.only 3rd Estate has to pay taxes
4.extravagances of the royal court.

8. What was Enlightenment?
Who were its representatives?
The Enlightenment influenced what emerging class in Europe?

9. c.Intellectual causes Enlightenment’s ideas
1.John Locke-people have natural rights
If their rights are violated, they have the duty to rebel against their monarch.
( government’s purpose: to protect these rights)
2.Voltaire-monarchs could be the agents of change
3.Rousseau-”The social contract”- the will of people was sacred; the legitimacy of the monarch based on people’s consent.

10. Why did Louis the XVI call a meeting of the Estates General after 175 yrs. of recess?
What estate declared itself National Assembly?

12. The Revolution
Need of money ( the French elites didn’t consent to pay new taxes).
Estates General meet on 5th of May 1789
17 June 1789,the 3rd estate declared itself National Assembly; decided to draft a constitution.
3rd estate was saved by the Parisian population( the king wanted to use force against the 3rd estate).

13. 1. What was Bastille & what prompted people to attack it ?
2.What did the new French constitution accomplish?

14. The revolution
14th of July 1789, the storm of Bastille (Causes: economic depression, hunger, high bread prices, search for military supplies)
26th of August 1789-the National Assembly adopted the “Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen”
1791 the National Assembly gave France a constitution.

15. The constitution
1.limited the power of the monarchy(the legislative Assembly will make the laws).
2.Church-secularized
3.abolished nobles’ hereditary rights.
4.provided economical reforms.

16. Revolution’s enemies
1791, Austria & Prussia sent forces to support the monarchy to regain absolute power.
1792-the Legislative Assembly declared France in war with Austria and Prussia.

17. What was the period of repression led by Robespierre called?
What were its characteristics?

18. The Reign of terror, 1793-1794 1792, the king attempted to flee
Executed
It was formed a new government: the National Convention (dominated by Jacobins & Robespierre)
Committee of Public Safety-executive power.
Enemies of Revolution-guillotined.
July 1794-Robespierre executed, end of the reign of terror.

19. Louis’s the XVI decapitation

22. France after Reign of Terror
After Robespierre’s execution the reign of terror ended.
The Convention was replaced by a new government, the Directory( )-corrupt and inefficient.

23. Who was Napoleon?

24. The Consulate
1799 the Directory was replaced by the Consulate ( the country was a republic led by 3 consuls; one of them was Napoleon Bonaparte, who held absolute power).
1802,Napoleon-consul for life.
1804-Napoleon crowned himself emperor.

25. N.B.’s internal policy (short version)
government=the Directory
: the Consulate , one of the 3 consuls was Napoleon Bonaparte
N. B. was accepted as emperor by the French b/c he promised order to an exhausted society
N.B.made a new aristocracy, a centralized bureaucracy, reformed publ. educ.
N.B. gave France a Civil Code( equality before laws for all) , it was censorship, religious toleration and denied basic rights to women.

26. N.B.’s external policy(short version)
N. B. spread the principles of the French Revol., destroyed the feudal order
The conquered peoples accepted N.B.’s reforms, but revolted against French control.
1805: N. was defeated at Trafalgar by British in a naval battle
1812: Russian campaign, Battle of Borodino, N. B., defeated by weather.( the beginning of Napoleon’s end) .
1815: N.B was defeated for good at Waterloo, lost his empire.

27. Napoleon

28. Napoleon’s coronation 2nd Decemb.1804

29. Why did Napoleon succeed in forming Europe’s first popular dictatorship?

30. Internal policy (long version)
Ruled France as a military dictator.
He promised order to an exhausted society.
Developed a centralized bureaucracy.
Created a new aristocracy.
Reformed the public education.

31. Internal policy( long version)
Provided France the Civil Code
( equality of all citizens before laws)
Government censored publications.
Denied basic political & property rights to women.

32. External policy( long version)
Napoleon’s Grand Army defeated the Austrian, Russian & Prussian armies.
His empire had 3 parts :
1.the French Empire
2. dependent states: Italy, Spain, Holland,
3.Allied states: Prussia, Austria & Sweden.
Enemies: Great Britain, Russia

33. Napoleon’s Empire

34. What were the effects of Napoleon’s policy on the dependent & allies states?

35. External policy (long version)
Napoleon spread the principles of the French Revolution through his empire: equality before law, religious toleration, freedom; this diffusion will lead to the develop. of liberal traditions.
He destroyed the feudal order in France & its dependent states
The conquered peoples accepted Napoleon’s reforms but revolted against French control.

36. What was the name of the decisive naval battle for England & what was the outcome?

37. The battle against England
1805, Trafalgar- Napoleon was
defeated by England.

38. What were the results of the Russian campaign?
What did this campaign lead to?

39. The “Great Retreat”

40. The decline 1812-the Russian Campaign, main battle: Borodino
Napoleon’s failure in Russia led to his decline.
France: monarchy was restored.
1814, Napoleon was exiled to Elba, N. escaped
The troops that were sent to capture him switched to his side.
March 1815, Napoleon entered Paris & ruled for 100 more days.

41. At what famous battle was Napoleon finally defeated?

42. Napoleon’s end June 1815, Napoleon defeated at Waterloo.
Exiled to St.Helena.

44. What was the main purpose of the Congress of Vienna?

45. The Congress of Vienna 1814-1815
Participants: Russia, Prussia, Austria, England.
Restored French monarchy, redrew France’s borders.
Established a “Holy Alliance” international army that had to maintain the balance of power in Europe & suppress national movements.

46. The Haitian Revolution, 1789-1804
What was the financial worth of Saint Domingue to French trade?

48. The Haitian revolution
St. Domingue-the richest French colony based on a slave regime.
Conflict: slaves, gens of couleur & whites.
1791-the revolution broke out in Haiti
1794- Toussaint L’Ouverture( a former slave) started to lead the rebellion
1802- Napoleon, send an army , tried to reestablish order, failed.
1804-the colony proclaimed its independence as the Republic of Haiti.

49. What was the impact of the Haitian Revol.?

50. Haitian Revol.’impact
It was the only successful slave ‘s revolt in world history.
Slave owners and whites were filled with fear and trepidation.
The slaves in other regions of the world had to work harder to make up for the missing production of sugar & coffee from Haiti.

51. General features Atlantic Revolutions N American Revolution
Beneficiaries: white middle men class.
Had a common vocab.& a democratic character.
Outcome: it accelerated the democratic tendencies of the colonial societies.