1. Lighting Solutions

2. Overview Technology Background Technology Examples
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
Financials
Example
Questions

3. Importance of Lighting
Light – the portion of electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye, responsible for the sense of sight
Lighting enables us to go about our lives, to work & play, and provides safety and security.
The human eye has the ability to sense and adjust to a wide range of visual environments.
Lighting professional must be aware of the relationships among lighting, productivity, human health, safety and security.
Lighting enable humans to go about their lives, including work, play, safety and security.
The human eye is the most sensitive and adjustable organ to a wide range of visual environments.
Lighting professional must be aware of the relationships among lighting, productivity, human health, safety and security.
The footcandels or lux is the most common term to measure lighting levels in terms of illuminance. Lighting professional must be aware of the relationships among lighting, productivity, human health, safety and security.
Source: U.S. department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Energy End use Intensities in Commercial Building, Sept DOE/EIA-05555(94)/2

4. Importance of Lighting
The ability of a light source to accurately give out the true color of objects is measured by the Color Rendering Index (CRI), which ranges between 0 and 100.
The higher the CRI, the more natural and bright people and objects appear
Lighting enable humans to go about their lives, including work, play, safety and security.
The human eye is the most sensitive and adjustable organ to a wide range of visual environments.
Lighting professional must be aware of the relationships among lighting, productivity, human health, safety and security.

5. How Much Light (Footcandles) Is Enough?
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) recommends, as a good design practice, an average luminance ratio of no more than 3 to 1 for close objects and 10 to 1 for distant objects and outdoor applications.
Luminance ratio is the ratio between the luminance of any two areas in the visual field.
Lighting enable humans to go about their lives, including work, play, safety and security.
The human eye is the most sensitive and adjustable organ to a wide range of visual environments.
Lighting professional must be aware of the relationships among lighting, productivity, human health, safety and security.

6. Most Common Types of Lighting
Fluorescent
High Intensity Discharge
Induction Lighting
LED

7. Fluorescent Lighting
A low-pressure mercury vapor confined in a glass tube, which is coated on the inside with a fluorescent material known as phosphor.
The energized filament delivers electrons to the ionized inert gas within (usually argon), forming a plasma that conducts electricity.
Lighting enable humans to go about their lives, including work, play, safety and security.
The human eye is the most sensitive and adjustable organ to a wide range of visual environments.
Lighting professional must be aware of the relationships among lighting, productivity, human health, safety and security.
The footcandels or lux is the most common term to measure lighting levels in terms of illuminance. Lighting professional must be aware of the relationships among lighting, productivity, human health, safety and security.

8. Electronic vs. Magnetic Ballast
The electronic ballast transforms the input power to a high frequency (20-40KHz) before sending it to the lamp.
This results in a higher system efficacy (about 30% compared to a magnetic ballast) due to lower lamp and ballast losses
Lighting enable humans to go about their lives, including work, play, safety and security.
The human eye is the most sensitive and adjustable organ to a wide range of visual environments.
Lighting professional must be aware of the relationships among lighting, productivity, human health, safety and security.
The footcandels or lux is the most common term to measure lighting levels in terms of illuminance. Lighting professional must be aware of the relationships among lighting, productivity, human health, safety and security.
Source: G.E. Lighting

9. High Intensity Discharge (HID)
For outdoor illumination, this light source is the most common lighting device on the market today.
HID lamps have one drawback that may limit their use: a start-up delay from 5 to 20 minutes from the time they are switched on until they fully illuminate.
Two particular types will be discussed:
Mercury Vapor
Metal Halide
Source: Advanced lighting guidelines
Lighting enable humans to go about their lives, including work, play, safety and security.
The human eye is the most sensitive and adjustable organ to a wide range of visual environments.
Lighting professional must be aware of the relationships among lighting, productivity, human health, safety and security.
The footcandels or lux is the most common term to measure lighting levels in terms of illuminance. Lighting professional must be aware of the relationships among lighting, productivity, human health, safety and security.

10. Induction Lighting
Combines the basic principles of electromagnetic induction and gas discharge to create a light bulb with no filament or electrodes.
Rated at 100,000 hours or 25 years system life.
Induction lighting systems include instant flicker-free starting and higher CRI with lower luminous depreciation.
Lighting enable humans to go about their lives, including work, play, safety and security.
The human eye is the most sensitive and adjustable organ to a wide range of visual environments.
Lighting professional must be aware of the relationships among lighting, productivity, human health, safety and security.
The footcandels or lux is the most common term to measure lighting levels in terms of illuminance. Lighting professional must be aware of the relationships among lighting, productivity, human health, safety and security.

11. Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
LEDs are solid-state electronic devices that generate light via the transformation of electric energy to radiant energy within the crystalline structure of a semiconductor material.
Long life: 50, ,000 hours
Physically small: A single LED is about 5.6 mm.
Lighting enable humans to go about their lives, including work, play, safety and security.
The human eye is the most sensitive and adjustable organ to a wide range of visual environments.
Lighting professional must be aware of the relationships among lighting, productivity, human health, safety and security.
The footcandels or lux is the most common term to measure lighting levels in terms of illuminance. Lighting professional must be aware of the relationships among lighting, productivity, human health, safety and security.

12. Old Technologies – HID with Spun Aluminum Dome
Basic grade spun aluminum domes typically only have % luminaire efficiency
Which means that 25-30% of the light from the lamp never gets out of the fixture
Which means 25-30% wasted light
HPS only has 22 CRI
Perfect is 100 CRI, which daylight and incandescents have

13. Old Technologies – Standard MH
Standard, also called probe start
Not very good lumens per watt
Bad lumen maintenance
Very common 400W universal position probe start MH lamp is similar to mercury, lasting longer than rated 20,000 hours and getting dimmer and dimmer in the process
California Title 20 eliminated standard MH in many applications

14. Which Technology is the Best?
Induction
LED
MH – Pulse Start
T5HO T8

15. Options – Avoid CFL
Lamp efficacy is considerably worse than linear high performance fluorescent
How good can a luminaire be with up to eight lamps in one cavity?
Lamp replacement costs and maintenance costs can devour energy savings
The typical eight lamps can cost over $60
Many lamps are rated for only 10,000-12,000 hours at three-hour cycles
Maintenance costs, including lift rental, hiring a maintenance firm, etc. can be expensive

16. Induction Less than 80 lumens per watt with generator
Induction is a fluorescent without cathodes
So not much to wear out in lamps
So can get 100,000 hour rated lamp life
70-80% lumen maintenance at 70% of lamp life
60-70% of initial lumens at end of life
Realistic system life is really 60,000-70,000 hours before significant maintenance is required for a group of fixtures

17. Induction
Since induction will start down to -40 degrees F and C, can be very good in freezer applications
Can work very well with occupancy sensors
Much more expensive than T8 or T5HO high-bays

18. Induction and CFL incentives

19. LED
All previous lumens per watt were just light source without including fixture efficiency
LED fixtures are measured differently, including fixture losses
Currently usually lumens per watt out of the fixture
Some have 100 lumens per watt out of fixture
By sometime in 2011, may be 130 lumens per watt out of fixture
50, ,000 hour rated life while still providing 70% of initial lumens

20. LED Excellent with occupancy sensors
Now too expensive for most applications, except
For some early adopters
For some freezer applications
Efficacy & life improves as temperature gets colder
Since LEDs are improving about 25% per year, lumens per watt, opportunities for cost effective retrofits in 3-5 years for fixture with modular LED panels

21. LED
Also since pricing may be coming down about 20% per year, LED high-bays could become quite cost effective in a few years
With rapid performance and pricing improvements of LEDs, the window of opportunity of induction is quickly closing
Induction is a mature technology, so only limited improvements are forecast

22. PS MH Two types of pulse start (PS) metal halide (MH)
Quartz, which has same CRI as standard
Ceramic, which has CRI & quite expensive
Several advantages over standard or probe start MH
More initial lumens for same wattage
Better lumen depreciation
Better initial color consistency
Better color maintenance
Often longer life
Ceramic pulse start has much better CRI

23. Pulse-Start Metal Halide
Although PS MH, especially the ceramic (often called CMH) is much better than probe or standard MH, PS MH does not measure up to other high performance options unless electronic ballasts are used
W CMH lamp with an electronic ballast can provide 110 lumens per watt, and the CRI is better than anything else
Electronic ballasts ( W PS MH) past five years
Still quite expensive, typically $150 just for the ballast
Do not really see the pricing coming down in the near term
Several manufacturers have gone out of business
Have been numerous problems
But there have been numerous successful projects
Some ballasts should not be used over 105 degrees F ambient

24. MH incentives

25. T5HO Reduced wattage F54THOs Cost about $1- $2 more per lamp
Up to 93 initial lumens per watt including ballast
In the last two years, GE introduced their 51 watt that still has 5000 lumens, but shorter life
Earlier this year, Philips introduced their 49 watt, which still has 5000 lumens and has same life
One advantage of T5HO hibays compared to T8 hibays
When you want as much light as a 400W pulse start MH lamp in a high performance dome, in a retrofit or new construction
Can use a 2x4 hibay with 6 F54T5HO lamps
Can also do it with F32T8s, but
If 8 lamps, each reflector is only 3” wide in 4’ long fixture
Or you need an 8’ long fixture which costs more for parts and labor

26. T8 Fluorescent High performance T8 systems
Up to 102 initial lumens per watt including ballast
Long life, especially with program start ballasts
Very good with occupancy sensors with program start ballasts
Relatively inexpensive lamps
Can help minimize lamp and ballast types in a facility

27. T8 Ballasts
Extra efficient ballasts consume 3-6 watts less than GEBs while providing the same amount of light
While costing $1-$4 more initially, each can save $ in electricity over ballast life
About 15 years or 60,000 hour ballast life
Most new fixtures come with GEBs, because they cost the least
Some retrofitters are still using GEBs

28. New T5/T8 incentives

29. Lighting Control incentives

30. Notes Vertical footcandles can often be more important than horizontal
With all technologies, high-bays can be designed to provide very good vertical fc
But many specific models do not
Although there is a lot of competition with cheap fluorescent high-bays (down to $80 for some imports including 4 F54T5HOs), there are some very good high-bays, such as ones that have a 6” wide and 3” deep reflector for each T5HO lamp

31. Notes
In some applications only HID, induction, LED and plasma lamp high-bays will fit
T8, T8VHO and T5HO high-bays can be too big
With smaller size, it can be easier to make HID, induction, LED and plasma lamp high-bays work
Wet location
Sealed for other applications
Hold up to be hit by basket balls
Vandal resistant
Explosion proof

32. Financials
One big problem with payback is that much of the benefit happens after the payback period:
For example, long life lamps
Ask customers if they want the shortest payback or most money in their pocket in so many years.
As with all first-level methods, simple payback does not consider the time value of money...
Another problem with this method is that it fails to consider what happens after the investment is paid back...

33. Payback Examples
Option A costs $100,000 and saves $50,000 per year, which is a 2-year payback, which would provide $650,000 over 15 years.
Option B costs $300,000 and saves $100,000 per year, which is a 3-year payback, which would provide $1,200,000 over 15 years.
Even factoring in the cost of money over time, option B is often the better solution.

34. Popular incentives

35. T8 lamp retrofits and de-lamp retrofits

36. Questions?