1. Cooperative/ Collaborative Learning

2. Background In 1916, John Dewey: Group Investigation Method.
Johnson, Johnson & Holubec: positive interdenpendence 積極相互依賴
1. positive goal interdependence
2. positive reward interdependence
3. positive resource interdependence
4. positive role interdependence
5. positive task interdependence

3. Goals
Cooperative skills
Social skills

4. Tactics Students learning from each other in groups.
T and Ss work together.
T teaches Ss collaborative or social skills so that they can work together more effectively.

5. Principles
Although Ss work together, each S is individually accountable.
Each group member should be encouraged to feel responsible for participating and for learning.
Leadership is ‘ distributed’.

6. Principles (cont.)
Cooperative learning teaches language for both academic and social purposes.
Cooperative learning groups can easily work on tasks from a task-based approach to language instruction.

7. Disadvantages Little T’s correct input- fossilisation石化現象
Slow learners will be ignored.
Hinder the progress of the better Ss.
Better in small group.
Too many opinions in a group.

8. Together we stand, divided we fall.
Each of us can do something, but none of us can do everything.
All for one and one for all.