1. Exam 1 Review Chapters 1-6
Wednesday, October 5, 2011

2. Chapter 1 & 2 Chapter 2 Chapter 1 Major Earth Systems Geology
Geologic System
Open
Closed
Hydrologic System
River or Fluvial Systems
Glacier
Groundwater
Eolian System
Tectonic System
Hot Spots-mantle plumes
Subduction zones
Transform Boundaries
Spreading Centers
Gravity and Isostasy
Observations –mostly water planet
Chapter 1
Geology
Earth’s Major Layers
Crust
Mantle
Outer Core-Liquid
Inner Core
Differentiated
Uniformitarianism
Major Earth Features
Figure 1.5
Figure 1.6
Age of Earth: 4.5 Billion Years

3. Chapter 3 Mineral Chapter 3 Softest and Hardest Mineral
Limestone is made of Calcite
Best Cleavage
Mica
Muscovite
Biotite
Chapter 3
Mineral
Matter
Mineral Formation
Chemical Classes
Silicates
Sulfates
Halides
Carbonates
Oxides
Sulfides
Chemical Bonds
Ionic
Covalent
Mineral properties
Luster
Hardness
Streak
Structure – Habit
Cleavage
Three major rock types
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic

4. Chapter 4 Igneous Rock Classification Utramafic-Peridotite
Texture
Aphanitic- fast cooling
Porphyritic – slow cooling
composition
Utramafic-Peridotite
Volcanic Extrusive
Rhyolite
Andesite
Basalt
Plutonic Intrusive
Granite
Diorite
Gabbro
Melting Rock
Origins of magma
melting
source
where formed
Magmatic differentiation
Forms of intrusions
Fractional Crystallization
Composition of early vs. late formed crystals
Continental Vs. oceanic
Major Zones of igneous Activity
spreading Centers
Mafic
Basalts
gabbros
subduction zones
Intermediate
Andesite
diorite
partial melt subducting ocean plate
Intraplate mantle plumes (hotspots)

5. Chapter 5 Sedimentary rocks and the rock cycle Classification
Siliciclastic (Clastic-Detrital)
Chemical and biochemical
Sedimentary environments
Continental
Shoreline-Coast
Marine
Clastic vs. Chemical biochemical
Structures
Stratification-bedding
mud cracks, ripples, cross bedding, graded bedding
bioturbation
Sequences
Sedimentary rocks product of
Parent rock
Climate
Agent and distance of transportation
Environment of deposition
Burial and diagenesis
heat, pressure, chemical alteration
Compaction
Cementation
Lithification
Types of sedimentary rocks
Conglomerate
Sandstones
arenites
Arkoses
Siltstone
Claystone / shale
Limestone
Dolostone/dolomite
Evaporites
Salt
gypsum
Coal
Sedimentary - Bituminous
Metamorphic - Anthracite

6. Chapter 6 Metamorphic Grade Regional Metamorphism
Low grade
High grade
Temperature and Pressure
Parent rock Composition
Metamorphic facies
Plate tectonic and metamorphism
Metamorphic P-T paths
Spreading centers – metabasalts
Subduction zones- mélange and blue schists
Continent Ocean Convergence
Continent to continent Collisions
Ophiolites exhumation
Causes of metamorphism
Heat
Confining pressure due to burial
Directed pressure due to tectonics
Fluids, chemical alteration
Types of metamorphism
Regional
Contact
Seafloor (metasomatism)
Burial
High & ultra high pressure
Shock
Textures and types
Foliated
Slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss & migmatite
Unfoliated (granoblastic)
Hornfels marbles, greenstone ampibolite, porphyrpblast: garnet and staurolite