1. Energy production and catabolism

2. TABLE 13.1 2

3. Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP contains a base, sugar, and three phosphates.
Under physiological conditions, ATP always forms a complex with Mg2+.
Figure 13.6 3

4. Figure 13.7A 4

5. FADH
Flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is another related coenzyme that can transfer electrons.
- FADH2: reduced form
- FAD: oxidized form
Unlike NAD+, FAD is reduced by two electrons and two protons.
Figure 13.7B 5

6. Microbes catalyze many different kinds of substrates or catabolites.
Figure 13.11 6

7. Enzymes
Enzymes couple specific energy-yielding reactions with energy-requiring reactions.
Figure 13.9 7

8. Figure 13.13 8

9. Glucose Breakdown Glucose is catabolized via three main routes.
Figure 13.15 9

10. Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas Pathway
In the EMP pathway, a glucose molecule undergoes a stepwise breakdown to two pyruvate molecules.
Figure 13.16 10

11. Figure 13.17 11

12. Figure 13.19 12

13. Figure 13.20 13

14. Figure 13.21 14

15. Figure 13.24 15

16. Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is catalyzed by a very large multisubunit enzyme called the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC).
- The net reaction is:
Pyruvate + NAD+ + CoA → Acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+
Figure 13.25A 16

17. Figure 13.27 17

18. Figure 13.28 18

19. Aromatic Catabolism
In anaerobic conditions, benzoate undergoes reductive degradation instead of oxidation.
- Benzoate is first activated by acetyl-CoA, then it is reduced by NADPH.
Figure 13.30A 19