1. Biology Today Third Edition
Eli Minkoff • Pam Baker
Biology Today Third Edition
Chapter 19
Protecting the Biosphere
Copyright © 2004 by Garland Science

2. Protecting the Biosphere
Chapter 19
Protecting the Biosphere
A. Review Mature, Natural Ecosystem
Stable, chemical recycling, energy flowing
No pollution
B. Pollution
Wrong place, time, amount
Measurement
Sentinel species (canaries)
Toxic substances

3. Protecting the Biosphere
Chapter 19
Protecting the Biosphere
C. Human Activity
Water pollution and sources
Water usage, clean-up and treatment
Air pollution
Outdoor / indoor
Acid rain
CFC’s and ozone
CO2 and greenhouse effect
D. Reducing your (negative) impact on environment?
How can you?

4. Figure 19.1 (3)

5. fig. 11-1

6. fig. 11-6

7. Figure 19.3

8. Mature Natural Ecosystem
Mature Natural Ecosystem
Stable population (climax community).
Sunlight supplies the energy.
Chemical are cycled (short term).
Energy flows through the system.

9. There is no pollution (contamination) in a mature natural ecosystem
Pollution:
Anything present in the
wrong place**
wrong time
wrong amount
Problem of quantities

10. Problem of quantities
How do we measure pollution?
known chemical identified
monitor [conc] in time & space
sentinel species
organisms sensitive to pollutants
canaries in mines

11. study the damage done to organisms by poisons (pollutants)
Toxicology
Toxic substances often affect:
nervous system
reproductive system
e.g., DDT, dioxins

12. Pollution prevention
Cost / Benefits

13. Human activity affects ecosystems
Water pollution
Agricultural runoff
Industrial waste
Human sewage
Accidental spills
Some
sources:

14. Bioremediation
Using organisms (like decomposers) to help remove toxic substances from the environment
e.g.,
using bacteria to cleanup oil spills

15. Bioremediation of water
human waste water
gray water
Methods of treatment
natural stream/soil action
septic tanks

16. Figure 19.4

17. Bioremediation of water
human waste water
gray water
Methods of treatment
natural stream/soil action
septic tanks
lagoons
wastewater treatment plants

18. Wastewater treatment
primary particulates settle out
secondary aerobic bacteria work
water is chlorinated and released
tertiary remove N2

19. drinking water
Sources:
rivers/lakes
wells
treated wastewater

20. drinking water
Treatment:
holding tanks
flocculation
filtration
chlorination (fluorination)

21. Figure 19.5

22. Air pollution outdoor indoor Some sources: vehicles factories fires
Air pollution
Some sources:
outdoor
vehicles
factories
fires
indoor
outdoor stuff
bacteria
chemicals
2nd hand smoke

23. Acid rain (deposition)
Air pollution
Acid rain (deposition)
SO2 (sulfur dioxide)
Reacts to form
H2SO4
sulfuric acid
NO2 HNO3
nitric acid

24. pH
fig. 10-9

25. Figure 19.6

26. Acid rain
Automobiles and factories
Global problem
crosses political boundaries
Illinois/Indiana New York
Germany Sweden

27. Figure 19.7

28. The Ozone layer
filters out harmful UV light
damaged by CFC’s - banned

29. Figure 19.8

30. CO2 and global warming
We release CO2
Plants use CO2
Burning fossil fuels
releases more CO2

31. Figure 19.10

32. Figure 19.9

33. Global footprint exercise

35. Chapter 15
Mind and Body
A. Factor affecting health
genetics, lifestyle, diet, exposure
B. General (innate) Immunity
skin / inflammation / lymphatics
C. Specific Immunity
antigens and antibodies
lymphocytes
B-cells and antibody production
T-cells
Active and passive immunity

36. Chapter 15
Mind and Body
D. Immune problems
Autoimmunity
Allergies
Transplant rejection
Immunosuppression
E. Link to nervous and endocrine systems
Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Stress
Placebo effect

37. Chapter 16
HIV and AIDS
A. Definitions and History
AIDS, Th cells, clusters
Koch’s postulate
B. Viruses
What are they?
How do they reproduce?
C. HIV infection
Stages/Symptoms
Tests/Treatment/Prevention

38. New Infectious threats
Chapter 17
New Infectious threats
A. Definitions
infection, pathogen, epidemic, pandemic
B. Diseases
Factors affecting how diseases spread:
Host susceptibility/pathogen virulence
Herd Immunity
Weather
Route of transmission
Direct contact
Food
Water

39. New Infectious threats
Chapter 17
New Infectious threats
C. Specific problems
Bioterrorism: Anthrax/Small pox/?
STD’s: bacterial/viral
Antibiotic resistance

40. A. Definitions Chapter 18 Biodiversity biodiversity, communities
B. Diversity
Value of biodiversity ?
Ways to preserve
Loss of diversity Extinction (true- or pseudo-)

41. Chapter 18 Biodiversity
C. Ecosystems (Biomes)
Changes in communities
Sucession – primary and secondary
Climax Community is mature, natural ecosystem
stable population
sunlight supplies energy
chemical are cycled
energy flows through system (lost as heat)
Destruction of ecosystems
examples:
deforestation
desertification

42. Protecting the Biosphere
Chapter 19
Protecting the Biosphere
A. Review Mature, Natural Ecosystem
Stable, chemical recycling, energy flowing
No pollution
B. Pollution
Wrong place, time, amount
Measurement
Sentinel species (canaries)
Toxic substances

43. Protecting the Biosphere
Chapter 19
Protecting the Biosphere
C. Human Activity
Water pollution and sources
Water usage, clean-up and treatment
Air pollution
Outdoor / indoor
Acid rain
CFC’s and ozone
CO2 and greenhouse effect
D. Reducing your (negative) impact on environment?
How can you?