1. Recycling of steel Recycling of copper
Author/presenter: Katharina Eckartz, Fraunhofer ISI

2. Overview Collection Processing Transport of end-of-life materials &
Trade
Secondary production Primary production
Processing, use and trade of by-products from primary and secondary production
of end-of-life materials &
scrap from fabrication
Focus on scrap and on by-products

3. Regulatory barriers End-of-waste criteria CLP legislation
National implementation of waste framework directive can lead to different interpretations
Classification of material can vary between regions/countries leading to administrative burdens and uncertainty
Criteria for priority waste streams are often not met -> in the majority of cases, scrap is classified as waste
CLP legislation
It is discussed to introduce a maximum content of lead of at max. 0,03% into the CLP legislation  classification as hazardous waste?
Mention by-products

4. Removing the barriers Economic Market size:
New markets for by-products
Possibly loss in markets for virgin material that can be substituted with by-products
Contribution to recycling-profitability
 Access to raw-materials (steel, copper, precious metals)
Market size:
Copper:
>2 mio t copper scrap used in Europe (2013)
Market price copper: > 6750 US$/t (2013), currently ~5000 US$/t
Steel:
66.1 mio t steel from EAF, 91 mio t steel from steel scrap
Market price steel billet: 100US$/t (March 2016)
1 t steel  kg by-products (90% by mass: slag)
Important to consider the time in use. Growing demand

5. Removing the barriers Environmental Using more by-products:
Less material to be deposited
Less virgin material used
Recycling-profitability
Less use of virgin material (ores), fewer CO2-emissions
Ensure proper treatment

6. Thank you!

7. Regulatory barriers II
Waste-shipment-regulation
Wish for better enforcement to prevent illegal exports
Wish for easing administrative procedures
Regulatory differences to outside Europe
With global prices  distortion in competition, e.g. ETS -> global ETS?
Wish for a design for reuse and recycling
Ensure high recycling rates and recycling profitability
Wish for an alignment of legislation
Between product & waste, between environmental areas
Wish for more understandability
Wish for less administrative cost
w.r.t. the first, this could be achieved by needs for LCA or recycling content quotas (motivate but do not regulate)

8. Sources Copper: own estimations Copper-prices: Onvista.de
Steel: World steel recycling in Figures , Bureau of International recycling
Steel price: LME – March 18, 2016
Slag: World steel association – Factsheet steel industry by-products, 2014