1. Jeff Tsao Next Semic Rev ABQ Academy SAND2010-1957P 2010 March 31 1/8 The Next Semiconductor Revolution: This Time Its Lighting! Earth at Night (courtesy of NASA) Jeff Tsao Physical, Chemical & Nano Sciences Center Sandia National Laboratories Your Grandparents Vacuum Triode Your Parents Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Your Fluorescent Tube From Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/illus/illustration.html/ahd4/cathode-ray%20tube/cathry How Fluorescent Lamps Work. http://home.howstuffworks.com/fluorescent-lamp4.htm Triode vacuum tube. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Triode_vacuum_tube.png

2. Jeff Tsao Next Semic Rev ABQ Academy SAND2010-1957P 2010 March 31 2/8 Semiconductor Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Photons The periodic table, courtesy of BBS. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/patterns/periodictablerev1.shtml

3. Jeff Tsao Next Semic Rev ABQ Academy SAND2010-1957P 2010 March 31 3/8 200 Years of Lighting Technology 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Year 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 Efficiency (%) Fluorescence Incandescence Fire Color-Filtered Incandescence Oil Gas Kerosene Gas Mantle Carbon Filament Tungsten Filament SiC InGaN GaAsP GaP:Zn,O GaAsP:N AlGaAs AlInGaP Solid-State Lighting Electric bulb from Neloux, courtesy of KMJ. http://commons.wikimedia.org/w iki/File:Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg Fluorescent Tube http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leuchtstofflampen- chtaube050409.jpg Candle burning. http://en.wikipedia.org/wik i/File:Candleburning.jpg Bridgelux Helieon Solid-State Lamp. http://www.bridgelux.com/products/hel ieon.html

4. Jeff Tsao Next Semic Rev ABQ Academy SAND2010-1957P 2010 March 31 4/8 Light-Emitting Diodes and Applications for Colored Light LED Traffic Light, courtesy of Syafiqshahalam. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi le:LED_Traffic_Lights.jpg Sharp QuadPixel RGBY LED-backlit LCD Display. http://www.macworld.com/article/145541/2010/01/sharp_quadpixel.html NASDAQs Giant Video Display in Times Square, New York (Jeff Tsao) Rear Combination Lamp (LumiLeds) Microvision Pico Projector. http://www.microvision.com/pico_projector_displays/application_gallery.html

5. Jeff Tsao Next Semic Rev ABQ Academy SAND2010-1957P 2010 March 31 5/8 Light from the Sun and Moon: Trilobites, Birds, Mammals, Primates, Humans Asaphus species (Trilobite) picture taken by DanielCD. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asaphus_species_trilobite.jpg Olive baboon in Kenya; courtesy of Ryan Harvey; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Male_Olive_Baboon_2.jpg Gray wolf, canis lupus, courtesy of Chris Muiden. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canis_lupus_265b.jpg Red Lory (Eos bornea) upper body preening feathers. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Lory_%28Eos_bornea% 29-6.jpg A baby wearing many items of winter clothing: headband, cap, fur-lined coat, shawl and sweater. Courtesy of Andrew Vargas, Clovis, United States. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Well-clothed_baby.jpg Full moon view from Earth in Belgium, courtesy of Luc Viatour. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Full_M oon_Luc_Viatour.jpg Full-disk view of the X-ray Sun and was produced by the Yohkoh solar observatory in 1991. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yohko himage.gif Bridgelux Helieon Solid-State Lamp. http://www.bridgelux.com/products/hel ieon.html

6. Jeff Tsao Next Semic Rev ABQ Academy SAND2010-1957P 2010 March 31 6/8 Making White Light from Colored Light 16%-Efficient SSL Early-2010 100%-Efficient SSL 750 Human eye response (lumens per Watt) 250 0 Light source spectral power distributions (Watts per nm) 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 0.5 0 and their spectral reflectances 400 500 600 700 800 Wavelength (nm) Munsell Samples 1 500 1 2345 6 789 9 8 7 4 5 2 6 31 Mixing Optics RYGB LEDs White 459535573614 440 538 615

7. Jeff Tsao Next Semic Rev ABQ Academy SAND2010-1957P 2010 March 31 7/8 Solid-State Lighting and Applications for White Light Surefire U2 flashlight. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SurefireU2JPG.jpg http://imagearchive.psu.edu/albums/userpics/10003/IMG_5116091707_copy.jpg Joseph Wright (1768) An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump Canon PowerShot A95. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canon_PowerShot_A95_-_front_and_back.jpg

8. Jeff Tsao Next Semic Rev ABQ Academy SAND2010-1957P 2010 March 31 8/8 How Fluorescent Lamps Work. http://home.howstuffworks.com/fluorescent-lamp4.htm Acknowledgements (colleagues): Roland Haitz, Tom Brennan Jerry Simmons, Mike Coltrin, Mary Crawford, and Sandias Solid-State-Lighting Science Team (http://ssls.sandia.gov/) Acknowledgements (sponsors): Work at Sandia National Laboratories was supported by Sandias Solid-State-Lighting Science Energy Frontier Research Center, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences. Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the U.S. Department of Energys National Security Administration under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.