1. Chapter #16
Animal Behavior

2. Behavior: the way an organism acts
Stimulus: something that causes a behavior
Ex: food, odors, sounds, light, heat, water, and the force of gravity
Response: the action of an organism as a result of a stimulus
-Ex: bird flying away when it sees the movement of a cat

3. Inborn behavior: behavior that is inherited from parents
“built-in”
Ex: cat drinking milk

4. Reflex Act
A quick action that does not involve the brain; automatic response to a stimulus
Brain is not involved with this reaction
Ex: touching something hot

5. Instinct
An inborn behavior that involves complex responses to a stimulus
Ex: baby sea turtles hatch and move toward the ocean without the help on their mother

6. Acquired behavior: behavior that is learned
Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov
training to cause a response to a stimulus that does not normally cause that response
Trial and Error
An animal develops a behavior based on avoiding mistakes
Reasoning: the ability to remember past experience and use it to solve a new problem (Humans have a more highly developed level of reasoning)

7. Social Behavior Living together
By living together the animals are better able to survive than if they live alone
Social organizations cause animals to live in an orderly way (reduces fighting over food and mates)
Ex: Bees (queen, female workers and male drones)
Queen produces the eggs, drones fertilize the queen, workers do everything else (produce wax and build comb, find nectar and care for baby bees)

8. Courtship Behavior
Animals act in ways that attract each other and signal their desire for mating
Ensures that mating will occur only between members of the same species

9. Territoriality A behavior in which an animal defends a particular area
Animals tend to maintain a certain distance from each other
Aggressive behaviors are used by animals to warn others to stay out of their territories

10. Territoriality promotes survival
Reduces competition for food and mates
If the population becomes too large, the size of each individual’s territory decreases. When territories become too small, the rate of reproduction decreases, thereby decreasing the number of animals in the population.

11. Communication: conveying info. Between animals
Can take several forms:
Sounds, body movements, odors, coloration, and touch
Used to aid in locating food, defending against enemies, and reproducing a species

12. Bees – Waggle Dance If food is nearby it does a round dance
If food is far away, it does a waggle dance stepping through a figure-eight pattern that indicates the direction of the source. The amount of nectar it has found and its sugar content is communicated by the sounds and speed of dancing

13. Pheromones
a chemical with an odor that conveys information to other members of a species
Used in attraction of mates, location of food, and for defense or making of territories

14. Language: Consists of sounds and symbols that communicate information
Ex: Dolphins, Chimps, and Whales

15. Living Clocks Some life activities have a 24-hour clock Hibernation
Flowers opening, human body temperature, fiddler crabs color change
Hibernation
Organisms reset their clocks in response to light, temperature, and other factors: traveler – jet lag

16. Senses: Allow organisms to detect stimuli
5 senses : seeing, hearing tasting, smelling and touching

17. Sensing Sound: Ears
3 main parts: Outer ear, middle ear and the inner ear
Outer Ear: visible tissue on the side of the head (collects sound waves) – moves through the auditory canal to the eardrum (thin, tightly stretched membrane that seperates the outer ear from the middle ear)

18. Middle Ear
Sound waves cause the eardrum to vibrate three tiny bones or ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup) which connect the eardrum to the cochlea (inner ear)
Cochlea: spiral-shaped structure that produces nerve impulses in response to sound waves – goes through the auditory nerve to the brain where the brain interprets it as sound

19. Sensing Light and Color
Light from the sun is white light
White light is a mixture of all colors of light ROYGBIV
You see an object when the light strikes it and is reflected into your eyes. Objects appear the color of the light that is reflected (other colors are absorbed)

20. The Eye Contains an iris, pupil, lens and a retina
Iris: the colored part of the eye
Controls the amount of light that enters the eye
Pupil: the opening in the iris through which light passes
Size changes when the amount of light changes

21. Lens Focuses light rays to form an image on the back of the eye
If the lens is misshapen you will need glasses to see

22. Retina Light-sensitive layer in the back on the eye
Cones: detect color and bright light; color vision
Rods: respond to dim light
Retina sends nerve impulses that are produced in the retina through the optic nerve to the brain – visual image

23. Tasting Affected by texture and temperature of food
Nerve endings in the taste buds are sensitive to chemicals in food and send messages to the brain
4 different tastes: sour, salty, sweet, and bitter

24. Smell Upper part of the human nose
When stimulated by chemicals in the air, smell receptors send messages to the brain
More sensitive than taste buds
TASTE and SMELL are connected!!

25. Touch
5 different types of nerve endings: pain, pressure, heat, cold, and touch
Most touch receptors in fingertips and lips
Most pain receptors in the forehead

26. Skin
Outer body covering that protects the body. It also keeps body fluids in and helps control body temperature
Composed of two layers:
Epidermis: leathery and dead cells
Dermis: contain sensory nerves