1. WASTE REDUCTION AND MINIMIZATION

2. CONCEPT HAS SEVERAL COMMON NAMES
WASTE MINIMIZATION
POLLUTION PREVENTION
LOW - NON-WASTE TECHNOLOGIES
CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES
CLEAN PRODUCTS
WASTE REDUCTION
DESIGN FOR ENVIRONMENT

3. APPLICATIONS
NEW PROJECTS
EXISTING PROCESSES

4. DESIGN FOR ENVIRONMENT (DFE) CONCEPTS
ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES
SAVE MONEY
CREATE NEW MARKETS
PRODUCT PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS
REGULATORY COMPLIANCE
REDUCE FUTURE LIABILITY RISKS
REDUCE TREATMENT COSTS
REDUCE WASTE & POLLUTION
IMPROVE COMPANY IMAGE

5. INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY DEFINITIONS
MULTI-DISCIPLINARY FIELD
CONSIDERS LINKAGES BETWEEN INDUSTRIAL ECONOMIC SYSTEMS AND NATURAL SYSTEMS
EVALUATES USES OF ENERGY, MATERIALS AND VARIOUS TECHNOLOGIES

6. INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
GENERIC DEFINITION (BY ALLENBY)

7. INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
GENERIC DEFINITION (BY ALLENBY – CONTINUED)

8. INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH
IMPACT OF WATER USE ON DEVELOPMENT
ASPECTS OF HEAVY METALS USE IN AGRICULTURE
THE IMPACT OF MATERIALS ON INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY

9. ISO (INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDS) 14000 -VOLUNTARY INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
OBJECTIVE IS TO SET UP AN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS) TO ADDRESS THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THEIR PROCESSES

10. COMPONENTS WITHIN ISO 14000
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (14001,14002, 14004)
ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING (14010, 14011, 14012)
EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE (14031)
ENVIRONMENTAL LABELING (14020, 14021, 14022, 14023, 14024, 14025)
LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT (14040, 14041,14042, 14043)

11. OVERALL QUALITY IMPROVEMENT CONCEPT

12. STANDARDS TO BE INCORPORATED IN THE EMS
PERFORMANCE ARE MEASURED AGAINST THE OBJECTIVES SET BY THE ORGANIZATION

13. CRITICAL COMPONENTS FOR EMS
EMS HAS A CORE SET OF PLANNING ACTIVITIES THAT ENSURES A FACILITY WILL:
IDENTIFY FACILITY OPERATIONS, PROCESSES, AND PRODUCTS THAT HAVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
EVALUATE WHICH IMPACTS ARE SIGNIFICANT
SET OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS FOR REDUCING NEGATIVE IMPACTS
SELECT AND IMPLEMENT ACTIVITIES TO ACHIEVE IDENTIFIED TARGETS

14. EMS OBJECTIVES
SYSTEMIC APPLICATION PROMOTES TOP-TO-BOTTOM INTEGRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS FUNCTIONS, BY REQUIRING:
AN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY DEFINED BY TOP MANAGEMENT
CONSIDERATION OF OPERATING CONDITIONS AND CONTROLS AND THEIR EFFECT UPON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
SPECIFIC IDENTIFICATION OF NEEDED AUTHORITIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION
PERIODIC MANAGEMENT REVIEW OF SYSTEM RESULTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE

15. EMS OBJECTIVES
CONTINUAL IMPROVEMENT IS DESIGNED TO CONTINUALLY IMPROVE SYSTEM AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE, THROUGH:
CREATION OF SPECIFIC TIMELINES, AUTHORITIES, AND DESIGNATED RESPONSIBILITIES FOR PLAN
EXECUTION AND ACTIVITY IMPLEMENTATION
PERIODIC COMPLIANCE AUDITS TO IDENTIFY COMPLIANCE PROCEDURE IMPROVEMENTS
PERIODIC EMS AUDITS TO ASSESS PROGRESS TOWARDS STATED GOALS AND IDENTIFY NEEDED SYSTEM IMPROVEMENTS
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT OF ACTIVITIES RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

16. EMS OBJECTIVES
CONFIRMATION OF IMPACT EMS ACTIONS ARE VERIFIABLE, BECAUSE:
DOCUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS ENSURE THAT BOTH CONFORMANCE WITH THE STANDARD AND EMS PERFORMANCE CAN BE AUDITED
THE ISO CERTIFICATION PROCESS SETS SPECIFIC STANDARDS AND PRACTICES FOR AUDITING BOTH CONFORMANCE WITH THE STANDARD AND PERFORMANCE OF THE EMS

17. LEVELS OF DFE APPLICATION
LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS
CRADLE TO GRAVE -ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

18. PRIMARY OPPORTUNITIES IN DFE
TYPICAL IMPACTS INVESTIGATED INCLUDE
AIR, WATER AND SOLID WASTES PRODUCED
HAZARD POTENTIAL OF WASTES AND PROCESSES
RENEWABLE RESOURCE UTILIZATION
ENERGY EFFICIENCY

19. SIMPLER VERSION OF THE LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS TEMPLATE

20. EXAMPLE OF LCA - PAPER OR PLASTIC
GIVEN: PAPER OR PLASTIC
WANTED: DETERMINE WHICH OF THESE TWO CONTAINERS HAS THE LEAST NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT.
(a) DETERMINE THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY REQUIRED AND THE QUANTITY OF AIR POLLUTION RELEASED FOR PRODUCTION OF 1000 LB PE SACKS AND THE NUMBER OF UNBLEACHED PAPER GROCERY SACKS THAT WILL HOLD THE SAME AMOUNT OF GROCERIES.
(b) PLOT THE ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AS A FUNCTION OF RECYCLE RATES FOR EACH MATERIAL.

21. EXAMPLE OF LCA - PAPER OR PLASTIC
WANTED: (continued)
(c) SPECIFY THE RELATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THESE TWO PRODUCTS.
(d) COMPARE THE AMOUNT OF PETROLEUM REQUIRED TO PROVIDE 10% OF THE ENERGY FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ONE PAPER SACK.

22. EXAMPLE OF LCA - PAPER OR PLASTIC
BASIS:
(1) ASSUME 2.0 PE SACKS ARE USED TO HOLD THE SAME AMOUNT OF GROCERIES AS ONE PAPER SACK.
(2)TABLE 1-1 AIR EMISSIONS & ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FOR PAPER AND PLASTIC (PE) GROCERY SACKS
(3) TABLE 1-2 PROFILE OF ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FOR GROCERY SACKS (EXCLUDING FINAL DISPOSAL)

23. EXAMPLE OF LCA - PAPER OR PLASTIC
TABLE 1-1 AIR EMISSIONS & ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

24. EXAMPLE OF LCA - PAPER OR PLASTIC
TABLE 1-2 -PROFILE OF ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS

25. EXAMPLE OF LCA - PAPER OR PLASTIC
OTHER FACTORS
PE MATERIAL AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS ARE SATISFIED USING A NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCE, OIL.
MOST OF THE ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FOR PAPER SACK PRODUCTION ARE MET USING WOOD WASTES.
ASSUME 0% RECYCLE OF PLASTIC SACKS AND 1.2 lb PETROLEUM REQUIRED TO MANUFACTURE 1 lb OF PE SACK
WHERE THE HEATING VALUE OF PETROLEUM IS 20,000 BTU/lb
1000 LB OF PE YIELDS 60,800 PE SACKS

26. EXAMPLE OF LCA - PAPER OR PLASTIC
TABLE 1-3 SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES FOR LIFE CYCLES

27. EXAMPLE OF LCA - PAPER OR PLASTIC
SOLUTION
A SIMILAR SET OF CALCULATIONS IS COMPLETED FOR THE ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANT LEVELS AND FOR PE SACKS.
RESULTS ARE SHOWN IN THE FOLLOWING TABLES AND FIGURES.NERGY REQUIREMENTS AND EMISSION RATES - BASIS 1000 lb PE SACKS
USE DATA FROM TABLE 1-1.
AIR EMISSIONS FOR PAPER SACKS AT SPECIFIED RECYCLE FRACTION:

28. EXAMPLE OF LCA - PAPER OR PLASTIC SOLUTION
CALCULATION SUMMARY TABLE

29. EXAMPLE OF LCA - PAPER OR PLASTIC SOLUTION

30. EXAMPLE OF LCA - PAPER OR PLASTIC SOLUTION

31. EXAMPLE OF LCA - PAPER OR PLASTIC SOLUTION

32. EXAMPLE OF LCA - PAPER OR PLASTIC SOLUTION
RESULTS
(c) PE SACKS TEND TO GENERATE LOWER EMISSIONS AND REQUIRE LESS ENERGY THAN PAPER SACKS,
EXCEPT AT THE HIGHEST LEVELS OF RECYCLE. THE TYPES OF EMISSIONS ARE NOT THE SAME, WITH PE GENERATING HIGHER QUANTITIES OF HYDROCARBONS AND PAPER SACKS GENERATING MORE NOx AND MORE SO2.
THIS ANALYSIS DOES NOT INCLUDE ANY EMISSIONS FROM DISPOSAL EITHER IN LANDFILL OR INCINERATION TO COMPLETE THE LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS.

33. EXAMPLE OF LCA - PAPER OR PLASTIC SOLUTION
RESULTS
(d) FROM THE STANDPOINT OF OIL CONSUMPTION, THE PAPER SACKS TEND TO REQUIRE LESS OIL DUE TO THE AVAILABILITY OF FUEL IN THE FORM OF WOOD WASTES.
NOTE: AS A OPTION, CONSIDER REUSABLE GROCERY SACKS
THESE ARE MADE FROM NYLON, JUTE, COTTON STRING, ETC.
MAY BE REUSED HUNDREDS OF TIMES
THESE REQUIRE ABOUT TIMES THE ENERGY AND GENERATE TIMES THE AIR POLLUTION AS PAPER OR PE SO MUST BE USED AT LEAST 20 TIMES TO HAVE A POSITIVE IMPACT.

34. DFE TOOLS AND PROCEDURES
OPPORTUNITIES WITHIN THE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
MATERIALS SUBSTITUTION
REDUCE QUANTITIES OF PROCESS WASTES BY WASTE SEGREGATION
REVISED CONTROL METHODS
REVISED PROCESSING METHODS
RECYCLING A MATERIAL RATHER THAN DISPOSAL

35. MATERIALS SUBSTITUTION
REDUCE TOXICITY OF PROCESS COMPONENTS
POLAROID CHANGE OF DYE -1987
REDUCED TOXICITY -REPLACED Cr(VI) COMPOUND
REDUCED PROCESS WASTES BY 80%
IMPROVED FILM PERFORMANCE
REDUCED ANNUAL DISPOSAL COSTS BY $1 MILLION (1987$)

36. MATERIALS SUBSTITUTION
NAVY REPLACEMENT OF SOLVENT FOR PAINT REMOVAL FROM PLANES WITH PLASTIC BEADS FROM HIGH PRESSURE HOSES
ELIMINATES NEED TO USE METHYLENE CHLORIDE
ELIMINATES TOXIC WASTE AS BEADS ARE RECYCLED
COST SAVINGS ~$24,000 PER PLANE (1995$)

37. REDUCE QUANTITIES OF PROCESS WASTES BY WASTE SEGREGATION
GENERAL JUSTIFICATIONS

38. REDUCE QUANTITIES OF PROCESS WASTES BY WASTE SEGREGATION
ACME-UNITED CONCENTRATION OF NI SALTS IN PLATING SOLUTION USING REVERSE OSMOSIS

39. REDUCE QUANTITIES OF PROCESS WASTES BY WASTE SEGREGATION
ACME-UNITED CONCENTRATION OF NI SALTS IN PLATING SOLUTION USING REVERSE OSMOSIS
CONCENTRATED NI SALT SOLUTION RECYCLED TO PLATING TANK
REDUCED QUANTITY OF SLUDGE PRODUCED BY 80%
REDUCED RAW MATERIALS COSTS BY 94%
SAVES AT LEAST $40,000/YEAR (1986$) FROM REDUCTION IN WASTE DISPOSAL COSTS AND RAW MATERIALS COSTS
CAPITAL COST FOR SYSTEM ~$62,000

40. REDUCE QUANTITIES OF PROCESS WASTES BY WASTE SEGREGATION
SNAP-ON TOOLS RECYCLING A RINSEWATER STREAM USING ULTRAFILTRATION AND ION EXCHANGE
REMOVED LOW-LEVEL (<1%) ISOPROPYL AMINE CONTAMINANT FROM PAINT STREAM WITH ION EXCHANGE TO ALLOW RECYCLE OF PAINT TO PROCESS
REDUCED LOSSES OF PAINT BY 190,000 LB/YR
ANNUAL SAVINGS IN PAINT COSTS AND SEWER FEES OF $73,000 (1989$)
CAPITAL COST FOR PROJECT = $150,000

41. REVISED CONTROL METHODS
CHEMICAL PLANT PROJECTS IN LITHUANIA
ADDITION OF CONDUCTIVITY/TDS METER TO BOILER PLANT BLOWDOWN
REDUCED SO2 AND NOX EMISSIONS BY 0.84 TON/YR
REDUCED FUEL OIL CONSUMPTION BY 30 TONS/YR
7 MONTH PAYOUT

42. REVISED CONTROL METHODS
CHEMICAL PLANT PROJECTS IN LITHUANIA
CHEMICAL PLANT PROJECTS IN LITHUANIA (1993)
pH METER ON A MONOAMMONIUM PHOSPHATE PROCESS
REDUCED AMMONIA TO AIR
FEWER PROCESS UPSETS
2 MONTH PAYOUT

43. REVISED PROCESSING METHODS
REVISED LIGHTING FOR AMERICAN EXPRESS OFFICES IN NEW YORK CITY
REPLACED 31,000 T12 LAMPS WITH 31,000 T8 LAMPS
REPLACED 17,000 MAGNETIC BALLASTS WITH ELECTRONIC BALLASTS
REPLACED 58 INCANDESCENT LAMPS WITH COMPACT FLUORESCENTS
REPLACED 239 MANUAL SWITCHES WITH OCCUPANCY SENSORS

44. REVISED PROCESSING METHODS
REVISED LIGHTING FOR AMERICAN EXPRESS OFFICES IN NEW YORK CITY
TOTAL PROJECT COST: $710,000
SAVINGS: INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN 38% (EXCLUDING REBATE)
TOTAL ANNUAL SAVINGS $280,000
REBATES/GRANTS $450,000
ENERGY SAVINGS:
KW REDUCTION: 519.9
LIGHTING ELECTRICITY REDUCTION 47%

45. REVISED PROCESSING METHODS
REVISED LIGHTING FOR AMERICAN EXPRESS OFFICES IN NEW YORK CITY
ANNUAL POLLUTION PREVENTED:
CO2 5,000,000 LBS
SO235,000 LBS
NOX 12,000 LBS

46. REVISED PROCESSING METHODS
CIBA-GEIGY CORPORATION TOMS RIVER PLANT REDUCES SAMPLING AND CHARGING SOLVENT EMISSIONS FROM KETTLES IN RESINS PRODUCTION
REVISED PROCESS TO CHARGE AND SAMPLE REACTION VESSEL
REDUCTION IN VOC EMISSIONS BY 50 TPY (90%)
COST = $10000
SAVINGS = $50K/YR (1996$)
YIELD INCREASE OF 1 %

47. RECYCLING REFERS TO REUSE OF A MATERIAL RATHER THAN DISPOSAL
THE IDEAL MATERIAL FOR RECYCLING
HAS UNIFORM PROPERTIES
IS AVAILABLE AT A CONSTANT RATE
IS AVAILABLE IN A QUANTITY THAT JUSTIFIES THE NECESSARY CAPITAL EXPENDITURE
HAS LIMITED CONTAMINANTS
HAS FUEL VALUE AND CAN BE INCINERATED WITHOUT PRODUCING HAZARDOUS WASTES

48. INTERNAL RECYCLING
PROCESSES THAT RECOVER AND REUSE A MATERIAL THAT DOES NOT CHANGE FORM IN THE PROCESS
PROCESS COOLING WATER SYSTEMS
PURPOSE OF SYSTEM IS TO PROVIDE COOLING TO A PROCESS USING RECYCLED WATER
WATER IS COOLED BY EVAPORATION INTO AIR
NORMAL CONCENTRATION LEVELS ARE TIMES BEFORE REPLACEMENT

49. PROCESS COOLING WATER SYSTEMS

50. PROCESS COOLING WATER SYSTEMS
WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES -CHEMICAL
PREVENT CORROSION, SCALING, MICROBIOLOGICAL FOULING
IMPROVE HEAT TRANSFER

51. PROCESS COOLING WATER SYSTEMS
WATER CONSUMPTION IS THROUGH
EVAPORATION, BLOWDOWN, DRIFT

52. PROCESS COOLING WATER SYSTEMS
USE OF AN RO SYSTEM TO REDUCE TOTAL BLOWDOWN AND REDUCE CHEMICAL TREATMENT
NET RECOVERY IS 70% OF THE BLOWDOWN
FOR A UNIT WITH A 13.5 GPM BLOWDOWN, THIS SAVES ALMOST 5 MILLION GPY MAKEUP WATER

53. PROCESS COOLING WATER SYSTEMS

54. INTERNAL RECYCLING
RECOVERY OF SILVER FROM COLOR NEGATIVE FILM FIXER USING ROTATING ELECTRODE SYSTEM
SILVER IS RECOVERED ELECTROLYTICALLY
COLOR DEVELOPER IS RECOVERED USING ION EXCHANGE
BLEACH SOLUTIONS ARE RECOVERED USING CHEMICAL TREATMENT TO READJUST CONCENTRATIONS

55. INTERNAL RECYCLING
RECOVERY OF SILVER FROM COLOR NEGATIVE FILM FIXER USING ROTATING ELECTRODE SYSTEM
TOTAL CAPITAL REQUIRED = $120K (1995$)
TOTAL VALUE OF RECOVERED MATERIALS = $1.9 MILLION PER YEAR
WASTE REDUCTION = 1700 GPD COLOR DEVELOPER, 19 GPD FIXER, 1200 GPD BLEACH

56. INTERNAL RECYCLING
SOLVENT RECOVERY AT A SHIPYARD WITH A SMALL PACKAGED STILL
SOLVENTS - MEK, TOLUENE, CELLUSOLVE ACETATE
EQUIPMENT COST = $4900 -INSTALLATION COST = $8600

57. SOLVENT RECOVERY AT A SHIPYARD WITH A SMALL PACKAGED STILL
ECONOMIC SUMMARY

58. EXTERNAL RECYCLE
INVOLVES AT LEAST TWO INSTITUTIONS USING THE SAME MATERIAL IN DIFFERENT FORMS
MAY BE CARRIED OUT BY JOINT AGREEMENT BETWEEN ENTITIES
NIAGARA MOHAWK POWER, CARRIER CORPORATION, MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY, INC. (MTI), AND CHEMSYSTEMS SOFTWARE - VOC MINIMIZATION

59. EXTERNAL RECYCLE VOC MINIMIZATION
DISTILLATION IS USED TO RECOVER SOLVENTS RECYCLED FROM SMALL FACILITIES
SOLVENTS ARE RECYCLED OR SEND TO OTHER USERS WITH LOWER PURITY SPECIFICATIONS
SOLVENTS THAT CANNOT BE RECYCLED ARE SENT TO THE POWER COMPANY FOR INCINERATION TO PRODUCE POWER

60. EXTERNAL RECYCLE

61. EXTERNAL RECYCLE
ENERGY SAVINGS FOR REDUCED VOC PRODUCTION = 30 TRILLION BTU/YR
WASTE REDUCTION = MILLION LB OF VOC WASTE EACH YEAR
ECONOMIC SAVINGS = ESTIMATE FOR 2010 TO BE $361 MILLION.

62. EXTERNAL RECYCLE
TREATMENT, STORAGE & DISPOSAL (TSD) COMPANIES MAY BE DESIGNED TO PROCESS WASTE MATERIALS
COMPONENTS TREATED AT A CLASS 1 FACILITY

63. TREATMENT, STORAGE & DISPOSAL (TSD)
THE PREFERRED PRODUCT IS RECYCLED
OTHER PRODUCTS ARE SENT TO DISPOSAL
INCINERATION
LANDFILL
EFFLUENTS TO POTW

64. TREATMENT, STORAGE & DISPOSAL (TSD)
OBJECTIVES AT RECYCLERS
SEGREGATE INCOMING MATERIALS FOR PROCESSING/STORAGE
DEVELOP TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR CHANGING FEEDSTOCKS
MINIMIZE COST OF TREATMENT WITH MAXIMUM DETOXIFICATION, WHILE MINIMIZING RESIDUAL WASTES

65. TREATMENT, STORAGE & DISPOSAL (TSD)
OBJECTIVES AT RECYCLERS
RECOVER PROCESS ENERGY TO MINIMIZE OPERATING COSTS
STABILIZE ALL RESIDUAL SOLIDS OR SLUDGES
PRODUCE EFFLUENTS FOR POTW PROCESSING
PRODUCE LEGAL QUANTITIES OF GASEOUS EMISSIONS

66. TREATMENT, STORAGE & DISPOSAL (TSD)
TSD PROCESS AREAS

67. TREATMENT, STORAGE & DISPOSAL (TSD)