1. The Conservative Order and Challenges of Reform (1815-1832)
AP EURO Chapter 20

2. Defining Terms:
1. Conservatism – Disposition to keep established ways. Opposition to change.
2. Nationalism – Devotion to national interests, unity & independence. Most powerful ideology of 18th and 19th century
3. Liberalism –Opposite of conservative. Product of the Enlightenment. Believe in constitutions & representative government.

3. Concert of Europe : 1815-1823 Congress of Vienna:
Created “harmony” in Europe
Maintained the balance of power, & peace
European borders were re-drawn
Old rulers restored
Some territories assigned to other powers

4. Aix-la-Chapelle, 1818
Quadruple Alliance - Russia, Austria, Prussia & Great Britain
Agreed to consult w/ each other
Britain eventually disassociated itself from alliance

5. Re- Drawing Borders
Kingdom of Netherlands was created (problem: Belgium wanted independence)
Austria acquired Northern Italy
Kingdom of Poland was created (but controlled by Russia)
German Confederation replacedHoly Roman Empire

6. France: 1815-1830 Bourbon Monarchy restored after Napoleon Louis XVIII
Borders restored pre- 1792
Kept Napoleonic code
Only large property owners allowed to vote

7. France: 1815-1830 Charles X inherited throne in1824
Conservative aristocracy
Tried to restore nobles’ land lost during revolution
Opposition against government built in the 1820’s

8. England : 1815-1832 High unemployment 1820’s
Poor harvests of “corn” – wheat, oats, barley, grain
Led to scarcity of food

9. England : 1815-1832 Corn Laws – Meant to protect farmers
hurt consumers- high bread prices
Landed aristocracy (conservatives) prevented importation of grains

10. England : 1815-1832 1819 : 80,000 protested corn laws
In St. Peter’s fields Soldiers fired at crowd
“Peterloo Massacre”

11. English Liberal Movements
Anti- Corn Law league created
Prime Minister Robert Peel repealed Corn Laws
2. Chartist Movement – national petition w/ thousands of signatures sent to parliament.
* Main issue: male suffrage (voting)

12. Austrian Empire Prince Metternich (1773-1859) controlled Austria
Made up of Austria, Bohemia, Hungary
Multicultural
Most powerful of German Confederation

13. Prince Metternich Opposed nationalism & Unification
Dominated the German Confederation made up of many states
Controlled Northern Italy

14. German States :
Ideals of German Nationalism emerged in Universities
Burschenschaft – student associations
Supported unification of German states

15. German States:
1819 a student , Carl Sand assassinated A conservative- August Von Kotzebue
Sand publicly executed

16. German States: 1815-1830 Metternich passed “Carlsbad Decrees”:
Outlawed student associations
Applied censorship in all German states
University Professors & students “watched”

17. Greek Revolution 1821 Ottoman Empire weakened
Liberals in England, France, Russia
supported Greek Independence movement
Why?

18. Greek Revolution 1821 Treaty of London 1827- England, France, Russia
Threatened Turkey if they didn’t grant Greece independence
1830 Greece declared independent

19. Wars of Independence in Latin America = Liberalism
Post-Napoleon effect on Latin America
France lost Haiti
Portugal lost Brazil
Spain lost Mexico, Central & Most South America except for Cuba & Puerto Rico

20. Latin American Independence*

21. French Colony of Haiti independence movement 1791-1804
Center of Sugar production
Population:
Slaves = 500,000
French = 40,000

22. Haitian Revolution
1791 Toussaint L’Ouverture, a former slave led rebellion
French occupied w/ Revolution
French give up HAITI

23. 1803 Napoleon Wanted Haiti Back!
Napoleon invited Toussaint L’ouverture to a “conference”
Toussaint was arrested, sent to France , imprisoned
Haiti gainedindependence 1804

24. Fun Fact…
English colonies = 1st American territory to gain independence form European power 1776
Haiti = 2nd American territory to gain independence from European Power 1804

25. Nueva Espana – New Spain
Creoles born in new world, parents are European (Spanish Peninsulares)
Wanted more power
Better job opportunities
Wanted independence

26. Napoleon… Invaded Portugal & Spain 1806-1807
Created a distraction and opportunity for colonies…

27. Mexico 1. Father Miguel Hidalgo led Mexican Independence 1810
“El Grito de Dolores”
Captured by Spanish 1811, killed

28. Mexico 2. Father Jose Morelos Took over movement 1811-1815
Executed in 1815

29. Mexico 3. Agustin Iturbide
Mestizo who passed himself as creole (criollo)
Gained independence 1821
And then.. He declared himself “Emperor Agustin I”!
OVERTHROWN 1824

30. South America 1. Simon Bolivar – “el libertador”
Creole led Independence Movement
Gained independence Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia

31. South America 2. Jose de San Martin
Led independence movement in Argentina, Chile
1817

32. Brazil – Portuguese Colony
Portuguese Prince Dom Pedro flees to Brazil after Napoleon’s invasion
Gives Brazil its independence, proclaims himself emperor 1820’s