1. (A) Showing 10 untreated Parkinson patients; all positive for α-synuclein and 3-nitro-tyrosin (a marker for mitochondrial stress) on sigmoidoscopy and rectal biopsy (A,B).
(A) Showing 10 untreated Parkinson patients; all positive for α-synuclein and 3-nitro-tyrosin (a marker for mitochondrial stress) on sigmoidoscopy and rectal biopsy (A,B). From Shannon et al.45 Copyright 2011 Movement Disorder Society. Reproduced with permission from John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (B) Controls show no relevant staining (E,F). From Shannon et al.45 Copyright 2011 Movement Disorder Society. Reproduced with permission from John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Antoniya Todorova et al. Pract Neurol 2014;14:
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