1. ENERGY IN CELLS

2. Obtaining Food Autotrophs-producers Heterotrophs-consumer
Photosynthesis
Make food using sunlight
Heterotrophs-consumer
Obtain energy by consuming other organsims

3. Harvesting Food
Cellular Respiration
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs

4. The Cycles Together
From

5. ENERGY Kinetic energy Potential energy Motion Stored energy
Chemical energy
Potential energy due to atomic arrangement

6. Units of Energy Calorie Calorimeter
Amount of energy needed to raise 1 gram of water by 1˚ Celsius.
Calorimeter

7. ENERGY MOLECULE
ATP-Adenosine Triphosphate
ADP-Adenosine Diphosphate

8. ATP CYCLE

10. Cellular Respiration
A chemical process of organisms in which organic molecules are broken down and energy (ATP) is released.
Equation:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 →6CO2 + 6H ATP
Reactants → Products

11. Food to Energy Glycolysis 1st stage Cytoplasm Anaerobic-without oxygen
Results in 2 pyruvic acid and 2 net ATP

12. Glycolysis

13. Krebs Cycle 2nd stage Occurs in mitochondria
Results in 2ATP and CO2 released

14. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
Final Stage
Occurs in membrane
Results in water and 34 ATP

15. Cellular Respiration

16. Anaerobic Respiration Fermentation
ATP without oxygen
Inefficient!
Only 2ATP produced
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Lactic Acid
Muscle Cells
Burning and Sore
Microorganisms
Cheese
Alcoholic Fermentation
Ethanol (alcohol) and CO2
Yeast and bacteria

17. Alcoholic Fermenation
Lactic Acid Fermenation

18. ENERGY FROM SUNLIGHT Photosynthesis Equation:
Process in which autotrophs use the sun’s energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars.
Equation:
6CO2 + 6H20 → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Reactant → Product

19. Figure 10.2 Photoautotrophs
(a) Plants
(c) Unicellular protist
Figure 10.2 Photoautotrophs
10 µm
(e) Purple sulfur
bacteria
1.5 µm
(b) Multicellular alga
(d) Cyanobacteria
40 µm

20. Leaf Structure
Stomata
Pores that allow CO2 and O2 exchange.

21. Leaf Structure continued
Chloroplast
Chlorophyll a & b
green pigment that traps light energy
Carotenoids
Yellow, orange, and red

22. Chloroplast Grana Stacks of disc, thylakoids Stroma
Thick fluid in inner membrane

23. The light spectrum 23

24. Light Absorption
Photosynthesis works only with absorbed wavelengths of light
chlorophyll a
the dominant pigment
absorbs best in red& blue wavelengths & least in green
other pigments with different structures have different absorption spectra 24

25. Chloroplasts transform light energy into chemical energy of ATP
ETC of Photosynthesis
Chloroplasts transform light energy into chemical energy of ATP
use electron carrier NADPH
split H2O
ETC of Respiration
Mitochondria transfer chemical energy from food molecules into chemical energy of ATP
use electron carrier NADH
Generate H2O 25

26. H+ Diffusion Electron transport chain ADP + P
Fig
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
MITOCHONDRION
STRUCTURE
CHLOROPLAST
STRUCTURE H+
Diffusion
Intermembrane
space
Thylakoid
space
Electron
transport
chain
Inner
membrane
Thylakoid
membrane
Figure Comparison of chemiosmosis in mitochondria and chloroplasts
ATP
synthase
Matrix
Stroma
Key
ADP + P i
ATP
Higher [H+] H+
Lower [H+]

28. LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION
Thylakoid membranes of grana
Second photosystem
Light energy→water splits →oxygen released
First photosystem
NADP → NADPH
H+ →chemical energy molecule ADP →ATP

29. Electron transport chain
Fig
LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS
Electron
transport
chain
Primary
acceptor
Primary
acceptor 4 7
Electron transport chain Fd Pq e– 2 e– 8
H2O e– e–
NADP+
+ H+
Cytochrome
complex
2 H+
NADP+
reductase + 3
1/2 O2
NADPH Pc e– e–
P700 5
P680
Light 1
Light 6 6
ATP
Figure How linear electron flow during the light reactions generates ATP and NADPH
Pigment
molecules
Photosystem I
(PS I)
Photosystem II
(PS II)

30. (low H+ concentration) Cytochrome complex Photosystem II Photosystem I
Fig
STROMA
(low H+ concentration)
Cytochrome
complex
Photosystem II
Photosystem I
4 H+
Light
NADP+
reductase
Light Fd 3
NADP+ + H+ Pq
NADPH e– Pc e– 2
H2O 1
1/2 O2
THYLAKOID SPACE
(high H+ concentration)
+2 H+
4 H+ To
Calvin
Cycle
Figure The light reactions and chemiosmosis: the organization of the thylakoid membrane
Thylakoid
membrane
ATP
synthase
STROMA
(low H+ concentration)
ADP +
ATP P i H+

31. CALVIN CYCLE Light Independent Reaction
Stroma “sugar factory”
CO2 fixed
Carbon Dioxide + Energy molecules (ATP & NADPH) → G3P → Glucose

34. Alternative Pathway Save Water C4 CAM Sugar cane and corn
Fix CO2 in Mesophyll cell
CAM
Cactus and pineapple
Fix CO2 at night

35. (a) Spatial separation of steps (b) Temporal separation of steps
Fig
Sugarcane
Pineapple C4
CAM
CO2
CO2
Mesophyll
cell 1
CO2 incorporated
into four-carbon
organic acids
(carbon fixation)
Night
Organic acid
Organic acid
Figure C4 and CAM photosynthesis compared
Bundle-
sheath
cell
CO2
CO2
Day 2
Organic acids
release CO2 to
Calvin cycle
Calvin
Cycle
Calvin
Cycle
Sugar
Sugar
(a) Spatial separation of steps
(b) Temporal separation of steps