1. Classification of Living Things Chapter 18

2. _______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their _________________________ Does it have a backbone? Feathers? Gills? Flippers? __________________________ How has organism changed in fossil record? What other organisms is it related to?

3. The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher _______________ more than 2000 years ago.
(300 B.C.)
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4. Aristotle’s system _____________ _____________ Based on size of stem
By: Riedell
_____________
_____________
Based on size of stem
Based on where they lived

5. Problems? Ex: Bacteria Fungi
1. Not all organisms fit into Aristotle’s groups (plants or animals)
Ex: Bacteria Fungi
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6. Problems? Ex: A jelly fish isn’t a fish, but a seahorse is!
2. Common names can be misleading
Ex: A jelly fish isn’t a fish,
but a seahorse is!
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Sea cucumber sounds like a plant but… it’s an animal!
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7. Problems? 3. Common names vary from place to place
Ex: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar are all names for same animal
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8. Problems?
4. Same organisms have different names in different countries.
Chipmunk
Streifenhornchen (German)
Tamia (Italian)
Ardilla listada (Spanish)
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9. Solution?
Some early scientists devised scientific names using long descriptions in LATIN.
RED OAK
Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis

10. PROBLEMS? RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis
“oak with leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hairlike bristles”
PROBLEMS?
Names too hard and long to remember!
Names don’t show relationships between different animals

11. Carolus Linnaeus comes to the rescue!
Devised a new classification system based on _________________
(Organism’s form and structure)
( )
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12. Linnaeus’s System Grouped in a _____________ of 7 different levels
Each organism has a two part LATIN __________________

13. Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show

14. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Kids Prefer Cheese
Over
Fried
Green
Spinach
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

15. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Panthera
leo

16. Kidspiration by Riedell

17. BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (2 name naming system)
1st name = _______________
Always capitalized
2nd name = _________________
Always lower case
Both names are ______________ or written in ____________.

18. Binomial Nomenclature
Vampire bat Desmodus rotundus
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Eastern chipmunk
Tamias striatus
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19. Binomial nomenclature
Humans
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
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20. So what do we use now? MODERN TAXONOMY Remember: Linnaeus only had 2.
Still use Linnaeus’s system:
but we have added more _____________
Remember: Linnaeus only had 2.

21. Modern Taxonomy
Kidspiration by Riedell

22. MODERN TAXONOMY organizes living things in the context of
_________________

23. MODERN TAXONOMY Scientists use different kinds of info
to classify organisms:
______________________

24. 1. FOSSIL RECORD Evolutionary history = _____________
We can trace some changes over time through the fossil record.
Evolutionary history = _____________

25. 2. MORPHOLOGY Shape and Function
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26. MORPHOLOGY Homologous characteristics suggest a _____________________.
same embryological origin (may have similar structure and function)
EX: __________________________
Homologous characteristics suggest a
_____________________.

27. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES
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Bat wing
and human arm
develop from same embryonic structures

28. MORPHOLOGY
______________ characteristics: may have similar structure & function but different embryological origin
EX: _______________________
ANALOGOUS
ANALOGOUS characteristics evolved separately. Organisms ________________________.

29. have evolved with similar function BUT different structure inside.
ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES
Bird wing and
butterfly wing
have evolved with similar function
BUT
different structure
inside.
Insects and birds NOT closely related!

30. Even differences show relatedness
amnion /am·ni·on/ (am´ne-on) bag of waters; the extraembryonic membrane of birds, reptiles, and mammals, which lines the chorion and contains the fetus and the amniotic fluid

31. 3. EMBRYOLOGY
Animals whose embryos develop in a similar pattern may be related
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32. 4. CHROMOSOMES Similar karyotypes suggest closer relationships.
Human:
Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt.

33. Even differences show relatedness
Human- 46 chromosomes Chimpanzee- 48 chromosomes
Even differences show relatedness
Chimpanzees have 2 smaller chromosome pairs we don’t have
Humans have 1 larger chromosome pair (#2) they don’t have.
Human:
Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt.

34. ____________________
TELOMERES IN MIDDLE
____________________
All chromosomes have special sequences called TELOMERES at their ends to protect the strands during replication.

35. → → → 2. TELOMERES IN MIDDLE
Human chromosome is only human chromosome that has telomere sequences at the ends BUT ALSO IN THE MIDDLE suggesting it was made by joining two other chromosomes together. → →

36. → EXTRA CENTROMERE _________________
Chromosome #2 has a second inactive centromere region . . .
suggesting it was made by joining two other chromosomes together.
Which chromosomes? →

37. ________________________
BANDING PATTERN MATCHES
________________________
If you take the two smaller chromosomes they have that we don’t, and place them end to end, the banding pattern is identical to human chromosome #2

38. 5. MACROMOLECULES
Compare molecules like _________________ _________________
Organisms with similar sequences are
probably more closely related.
See page

40. _________________- based on multiple kinds of evidence
So what do we use now?
_________________- based on multiple kinds of evidence
6 KINGDOMS
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Shows evolutionary relationships based on:
Morphology Fossil records Embryology Chromosomes Macromolecules (DNA & Proteins)

41. 6 KINGDOM SYSTEM
These relationships can be shown in a diagram called a
_____________________
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42. _____________ So what do we use now?
OTHER WAYS TO CLASSIFY BESIDES the 6 KINGDOM SYSTEM:
_____________
Shows evolutionary relationships based on:
_____________________________

43. CLADISTICS
Cladistic relationships are shown in a diagram called a_________________
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44. So what do we use now? 3 DOMAIN SYSTEM Group organisms based on the
OTHER WAYS TO CLASSIFY BESIDES the 6 KINGDOM SYSTEM:
3 DOMAIN SYSTEM
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Group organisms based on the
kind of ______________ they have