1. Warm-Up – 13.Oct.2014
Write the question and answer. Use Friday’s notes. You have 5mins.
Questions
What is the pattern of trade connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas?
What is the economic system in which most economic activity is carried out by private firms to seek a profit?
What is the economic theory that the strength of a nation depends on having a large supply of gold and silver?
Questions
Triangular trade
Capitalism
Mercantislism

2. LATER DYNASTIES OF CHINA
Sui Yuan
Tang Ming
Song Qing

3. After the fall of the Han Dynasty, military leaders split China into rival kingdoms, which led to a period of warfare called the Period of Disunion
Lasted for more than 350 years and ended when a northern ruler named Wendi reunified China and founded the Sui dynasty

4. Sui Dynasty 581 to 618
Built the Grand Canal that linked northern and southern China
It was a 1,000 mile waterway that made it easier to trade and ship rice
Millions of peasants were forced to work on the Grand Canal and hundreds of thousands died
High taxes and military failures led to Yangdi’s assassination and the end of the dynasty

5. Tang Dynasty 618 to 907
A Sui general seized power and founded the Tang dynasty, which was a period of prosperity and cultural achievement
Trade revived and the Silk Road once again prospered
Wu Zhao – first and only female emperor

6. Inventions
Invented gunpowder – used mostly for fireworks
Fire-lance: weapon that shot out flame and projectiles up to 40 yards
Perfected the magnetic compass
Sailors could more accurately determine direction and navigate
Developed woodblock printing
Books could be mass produced
Gov’t corruption, high taxes, nomadic invasions, and peasant rebellions all led to the decline of the Tang dynasty
A powerful general killed the emperor, ending the dynasty

7. Song Dynasty 960 to 1279
After the Tang, China once again split apart until it was reunified under the Song Dynasty
Under the Song, Chinese civilization became the most advanced in the world
Enlarged the gov’t bureaucracy and reformed the civil service exam
Exams tested students’ knowledge of Confucianism
Those who passed the exam became scholar-officials, the elite educated members of the gov’t
The exams were a pathway to gain wealth and status

8. Invasions by northern tribes forced the Song to move the imperial court farther south, but eventually they were conquered by the Mongols, leading to foreign rule in China

9. The Mongols
The Mongols were nomadic people who were fierce warriors and skilled horsemen
Were divided into separate clans, each ruled by a khan, or chief
One khan, Temujin, conquered his rivals and united the Mongol clans
He took the title Genghis Khan, which means “universal ruler”
Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a powerful military machine and his armies were highly mobile and could strike quickly
Used brutality and psychological warfare, many people surrendered without a fight

10. With his armies, Genghis Khan created the largest land empire in history, controlling much of the Eurasian landmass
On his death, his empire was divided into four parts and given to his heirs
His grandson, Kublai Khan, completed the conquest of China

11. Yuan Dynasty to 1368
Kublai Khan defeated the last Song ruler and had himself declared emperor
This was the first time foreigners ruled China
He established his capital at future Beijing
Explorer Marco Polo was greatly impressed by this city
Kublai Khan kept the Chinese gov’t system in place, but its highest positions were staffed by Mongols
He distrusted the Chinese and limited their power
Mongols were made to live apart from the Chinese

12. Kublai Khan tried to expand his empire, but failed
Sent several invading forces into Southeast Asia, which all failed
He also tried to invade Japan twice, but failed again
These military losses, along with Chinese resentment of foreign rule, led to rebellion that ended the Yuan dynasty

13. Ming Dynasty to 1644
A peasant and his rebel army overthrew Mongol ruled and established a new dynasty, taking the title Emperor Hongwu
The Ming capital was established at Beijing
In the center the vast Imperial City was built, also known as the Forbidden City
Made contact with the first Europeans since Marco Polo, the Portuguese
Restricted foreign trade to a few ports
Ming disliked the influence of Europeans, especially the missionaries – wanted to preserve China’s traditions

14. The Ming emperors decided to isolate China from the outside world
The main artistic achievement was the porcelain Ming vases
Decline due to weak rulers, corruption, and high taxes, which all leads to a peasant revolt
The Manchus, a group of people who live in Manchuria, invade and conquer the peasant revolt
The last Ming emperor commits suicide and the Manchus establish a dynasty

15. Qing Dynasty to 1911
The Manchus established the Qing dynasty, which would be the last dynasty of China
The Manchus adopted the Chinese political system and shared power with them
Showed respect for Chinese customs and maintained Confucian traditions
Remained separate from the Chinese and placed restrictions on them
In order to better identify rebels, the Qing gov’t ordered all men to adopt Manchu dress and hairstyles
Men had to adopt the queue = hair style in which the front is shaved with a braid or ponytail in the back

16. Foreign relation = conquered Taiwan and Tibet
The Qing dynasty would eventually fall to rebellion in 1911, mostly due to increasing Western influence and the efforts of European imperialism in the 1800s

17. Warrior Society
Japan had no strong central gov’t and local clans, led by daimyo, began to fight each other for power and land, along with bandits roaming the countryside
Daimyo = powerful warlords who held large estates
The daimyo hired armies of samurai for protection
Samurai = “those who serve”, similar to knights
Gradually a feudal warrior society developed
Most samurai were paid with food, generally rice, for their military services
The most powerful samurai received land
The samurai who got land did not work or live on that land, but instead profited from it

18. The lands were worked by peasants who gave the samurai money or food as payment each year
The samurai were highly skilled warriors who wore armor and often fought on horseback
Skilled at swords and the longbow, highly respected
Samurai had to follow a strict code of ethics called Bushido
Bushido = “way of the warrior”, based on loyalty to one’s lord
Required Samurai to be courageous, honorable, obedient, and most importantly, loyal
Had to serve and obey his lord
Samurai who failed to obey or protect their lord were expected to commit suicide by disembowelment rather than live with their shame