1. REPRODUCTION

2. What is reproduction?
It is the biological process by which new individual organisms are produced.
It ensures the perpetuation of the species.
PROGENITORS
DESCENDANTS

3. TYPES OF REPRODUCTION Asexual: It requires only one parent.
It produces new identical descendents.
Fungi, algae, protozoa, some plants and animals, bacteria
Sexual:
It requires two parents: male and female.
The descendents have a combination of genetic material from both parents.
Multicellular organisms.

4. Asexual reproduction in animals
It is common in unicellular organisms.
Types:
Gemmation: (budding), a bud on parent’s body
Fragmentation: a new organism grow from a parent body

5. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
It requies two members of the opposite sex: MALE (♂) AND FEMALE (♀).
Reproductive organs: gonads:
Testicles (♂),and ovaires (♀)
Reproductive cells: gametes:
Spermatozoon (spermatozoa) and ovm (ova)

6. HUMAN GAMETES

7. Unisexual and hermaphrodites
Unisexual organisms : Each individual has only one tupe of gonad.
Hermaphrodite organisms: each individual has both gonads.
Some animals can reproduce both sexually and asexually: Jelly fish (polyp and medusa phase)

8. Jelly fish cycle

9. FERTILISATION
It is the union of an ovum and a spermatozoon. They form a zygote.
Types:
External: The union of gametes occurs outside the female’s body. Aquatic animals, amphibians and some insects.
Internal: The fusion of the gametes occurs inside the body of the female or hermaphrodite. It involves copulation. Terrestrial animals and some fish.

10. EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
It incluides the processes from the formation of the zygote to the birth of the new individual.
The zygote undergoes many changes and becomes a multicellular organism called embryo.
Depending on where embryonic development takes place:
VIVIPAROUS
OVIPAROUS
OVOVIVIPAROUS

11. VIVIPAROUS
The embryo develops inside of the female body where it recieves nourishment and protection. It grows in the uterus feed by the placenta through the umbilical cord.
It ends with birth. Typical from mammals with pacenta, fish, reptiles and amphibians with placenta –like stuctures.

12. HUMAN PLACENTA

13. OVIPAROUS
The embryo develops inside an egg, normally outside the female’s body. Most parents incubate the egg. It finishes when the egg hatches. Typical of birds, reptiles and fish.

14. EGG

15. OVOVIVIPAROUS
The embryo develops inside an egg which remains inside the female’s body until it hatches. Typical of some sharks, snakes and lizards.

16. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
It occurs when plants form new individuals from the cells of a single parent.
Types:
Spore formation: The nucleus of a parent cell divides into a number of daughter cells called spores. Spores become new individuals.
Vegetative reproduction: Plant create new individuals from a particular organ.

17. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
Bulbs: undergroud stems: onions and tulips.
Stem tubers: underground stems with buds. Potatoes
Stolons: aerial stems with roots when they touch the ground and produce new stems. Strawberries
Fragmentation - spread and establishment of ramet by various plant parts, such as excised leaves or stems

18. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
It is typical of plants with seeds.
Production of gametes.
Pollination
Fertilisation
Formation of embryos and seeds.

19. FORMATION OF GAMETES: THE FLOWER
Flower structure:
Calyx: green sepals. Protection
Corolla: coloured petals. To attract insects.
Stamen: male organ. Filament and anthers containig pollen.
Pistil: female organ. Carpels containing ovaries, style and stigma.

20. THE FLOWER

21. FERTILISATION AND SEEDS
The pollen grains land on the pistil. The pollen tubes reach the ovary . Both nucleus fuse and form the zygote. It grows into an embryo.
The ripened ovule becomes a seed that contains the embryo and food stored in the endosperm. It slowly becomes a fruit.

22. SEED GERMINATION
The embryo develops into a new plant. The embryo can contain one or two leaves with food called cotyledons.

23. GERMINATION

24. TYPES OF SEEDS

25. SUMMARY FLOWER POLLEN OVULE fertilisation EMBRYO formation of seeds
germination
FRUIT
NEW PLANT