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There’s NO ZOO in Zoology
An Odyssey of Animal Diversity
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Phylogeny & Taxonomy Phylogeny
Evolutionary relationship of animal groups Established by comparative study of homologies Anatomical Embryological Molecular Taxonomy Naming of groups Based on phylogenic relationships and homologies at Domain, Kingdom, Phylum level Based on individual traits at Genus & species level
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Taxonomic Groups Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus
Species Archae, Bacteria, Eukarya Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Fungi 11 major & 9 minor phyla of Animalia Genus species binomial nomenclature used to specifically identify organisms Other intermediate taxonomic levels: subphylum, subclass, subspecies
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Taxonomy of Humans Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species sapiens
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Phylogenic Distinctions
Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Protista Protozoans Fig. 9.9a
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A Colonial Protist - Volvox
Colonial Protists began to have specialized cell types Specialized cell types - hallmark of multicellular organisms
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Phylogenic Distinctions
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera Fig. 9.9a
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Phylogenic Distinctions
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera Fig. 9.9a Phylum Cnideria
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Fig
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Body Axes Radiate Animals Oral – Aboral Axis
Bisection of the animal by any plane radiating from the oral-aboral axis will produce symmetrical halves There are an infinite # of radiating planes aboral Mouth oral
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Body Axes Bilateral Animals Anterior-Posterior Axis
Dorsal-Ventral Axis Left-Right Axis Only bisection by a plane along anterior-posterior axis (sagittal plane) will produce symmetrical halves
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Phylogenic Distinctions
Bilaterata Deuterotosomes blastopore forms anus Protosomes blastopore forms mouth Fig. 9.9b
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Protostomes vs Deuterostomes
Figure 3_08
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Phylogenic Distinctions
Bilaterata Deuterotosomes blastopore forms anus Protosomes blastopore forms mouth Ecdyzoa Lophotrochozoa Fig. 9.9b
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Phylogenic Distinctions
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera Phylum Cnideria Deuterostomata Protostomata Coelomic cavity Fig. 9.9a Phylum Platyhelminthes
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No cavity – internal organs imbedded in solid mass of tissue
Body Cavity Types No cavity – internal organs imbedded in solid mass of tissue platyhelminthes Fig. 9.12
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Pseudocoel - Cavity without attachment to internal organs
Body Cavity Types Pseudocoel - Cavity without attachment to internal organs Protostomes
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True coelom – cavity with tissue attaching viscera to body wall
Body Cavity Types True coelom – cavity with tissue attaching viscera to body wall Deuterostomes
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Phylogenic Distinctions
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera Phylum Cnideria Deuterostomata Protostomata Coelomic cavity Fig. 9.9a Phylum Platyhelminthes
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Phylogenic Distinctions
Protostomata Phylum Nematoda, Rotifera, Nematamorpha Fig. 9.9b
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Phylogenic Distinctions
Protosomes blastopore forms mouth Phylum Nematoda Fig. 9.9b Phylum Mollusca
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Fig. 45.2
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Phylogenic Distinctions
Phylum Nematoda Protosomes blastopore forms mouth Deuterotosomes blastopore forms anus Phylum Annelida Fig. 9.9b Phylum Mollusca
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Phylogenic Distinctions
Phylum Nematoda Protosomes Euceolomates blastopore of forms mouth Deuterotosomes Euceolomates blastopore of forms anus Fig. 9.9b Phylum Mollusca Phylum Arthropoda Phylum Annelida
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Phylogenic Distinctions
Phylum Nematoda Protosomes blastopore of forms mouth Deuterotosomes blastopore of forms anus Fig. 9.9b Phylum Mollusca Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Arthropoda Phylum Annelida
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Fig. 47.3
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Phylogenic Distinctions
Phylum Nematoda Protosomes blastopore of forms mouth Deuterotosomes blastopore of forms anus Phylum Chordata Fig. 9.9b Phylum Mollusca Phylum Arthropoda Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Annelida
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Protostomes vs Deuterostomes
Figure 3_08
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Fig. 48.2
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Primitive Chordate Body Plan
Post-anal tail
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A Typical Vertebrate
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Fig. 9.14 Fig. 9.14
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