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The Lancet Global Health
Socioeconomic status and risk of cardiovascular disease in 20 low-income, middle- income, and high-income countries: the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiologic (PURE) study Prof Annika Rosengren, MD, Andrew Smyth, MD, Sumathy Rangarajan, MSc, Chinthanie Ramasundarahettige, MSc, Shrikant I Bangdiwala, PhD, Prof Khalid F AlHabib, MD, Prof Alvaro Avezum, MD, Prof Kristina Bengtsson Boström, MD, Prof Jephat Chifamba, DPhil, Sadi Gulec, MD, Prof Rajeev Gupta, PhD, Ehi U Igumbor, PhD, Romaina Iqbal, PhD, Prof Norhassim Ismail, MD, Philip Joseph, MD, Manmeet Kaur, MD, Rasha Khatib, PhD, Iolanthé M Kruger, PhD, Pablo Lamelas, MD, Prof Fernando Lanas, MD, Prof Scott A Lear, PhD, Prof Wei Li, PhD, Chuangshi Wang, MSc, Deren Quiang, MSc, Yang Wang, MSc, Prof Patricio Lopez-Jaramillo, MD, Noushin Mohammadifard, PhD, Prof Viswanathan Mohan, MD, Prem K Mony, MD, Prof Paul Poirier, MD, Sarojiniamma Srilatha, MD, Prof Andrzej Szuba, MD, Prof Koon Teo, PhD, Prof Andreas Wielgosz, MD, Karen E Yeates, MD, Prof Khalid Yusoff, MD, Prof Rita Yusuf, PhD, Afzalhusein H Yusufali, MD, Marjan W Attaei, PhD, Prof Martin McKee, DSc, Prof Salim Yusuf, DPhil The Lancet Global Health DOI: /S X(19) Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license Terms and Conditions
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Figure 1 Age-standardised and sex-standardised proportion of participants with INTERHEART risk score >10 in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries by education Data are adjusted for age and gender. *Testing the interaction between country income and education. The Lancet Global Health DOI: ( /S X(19) ) Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license Terms and Conditions
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Figure 2 HRs (95% CI) for all-cause mortality and major cardiovascular disease by country income and level of education We included the interaction terms region and education, as well as region and wealth, where region denoted high-income, middle-income, or low-income countries. HR=hazard ratio. *Testing the interaction between country income and education or wealth. The Lancet Global Health DOI: ( /S X(19) ) Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license Terms and Conditions
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Figure 3 Age-standardised and sex-standardised mortality (A) and cardiovascular disease incidence (B) per 1000 person-years by level of education Data are stratified by country and arranged by increasing GDP (data for categories with fewer than eight events not shown). GDP=gross domestic product. The Lancet Global Health DOI: ( /S X(19) ) Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license Terms and Conditions
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Figure 4 28-day CFR after a first cardiovascular event and OR by country income and level of education among participants without previous cardiovascular disease pinteraction<0·0001 for country income and education. We adjusted ORs for age and sex. CFR=case fatality rate. OR=odds ratio. The Lancet Global Health DOI: ( /S X(19) ) Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license Terms and Conditions
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