1. The Transformation of the West

2. The Italian Renaissance
14th/15th Century artistic movement which challenged medieval intellectual values and styles
Writers such as Petrarch and Boccaccio stress secular subjects such as love and pride

3. Renaissance Art

4. Renaissance Art

5. The Italian Renaissance
Painting:
Realism, classical, and human centered themes
Religion is on the decline!
Machiavelli: Political discourse
Humanism: focus on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic life

6. The Northern Renaissance
After invasions from France and Spain, the renaissance moved North
Centered in France and England
A more religious renaissance than the Italian
Blended secular interests with Christian devotion

7. The Northern Renaissance
England: Shakespeare
Spain: Cervantes
France: Francis I becomes a patron of the arts
Kings were still confined by the old feudal order

8. The Protestant Reformation
1517: Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses in Wittenburg
Protestantism pushed for state control of the church, rather than papal authority
Protestantism was attractive to ordinary people as well

9. The Protestant Reformation
Henry VIII sets up the Anglican church(England)
Calvinism: The idea of Predestination, eventually makes its way to the New World
Catholic Reformation is launched to counter Luther’s attacks

10. The Religious Wars
France: Edict of Nantes in 1598 grants religious toleration to Protestants
Thirty Years’ War: 1618, German Protestants against Catholic Holy Roman Emperor
1648: Treaty of Westphalia grants territorial tolerance

11. English Civil War
Parliament claims right of control over Absolute monarchy
Charles I is beheaded
Oliver Cromwell becomes “Lord Protector” (not King)

12. The Commercial Revolution
Colonial Markets stimulate manufacturing
Proletariat: Growing class of people without access to wealth producing property
Manufacturers and Laborers
Throughout the 1600’s popular protests were waged to help gain political rights for peasants

13. The Scientific Revolution
Copernicus (or whomever) figures out that the earth revolved around the sun
Galileo publishes Copernicus’ works, and adds laws of gravity etc.
Harvey demonstrates movement of blood in animals (heart)
Descartes: skeptical review of all received wisdom

14. Absolutism and Parliamentary Monarchies
The Feudal Monarchy becomes undone in the late 17th Century
French kings slowly built up power throughout the 17th Century, crushing nobles power…

15. France and Louis XIV Louis XIV Absolute Monarch “I am the State”
Patron of the Arts
Palace at Versailles
Tariffs were set high and colonies were sought for raw materials and markets

16. Other Absolute Monarchies
Spain: Philip II
Prussia (Germany)
Strong army and bureaucracy
State sponsored school system
Austria-Hungary: Habsburg Rulers

17. Britain (the different one) and the Netherlands
Emphasized role of central state, but encouraged parliamentary regimes where king shares power with representatives
1688: Glorious Revolution finally puts Parliament in the driver’s seat!

18. Growing Political Ideologies
John Locke (and others)
Power to rule comes from the people (not from a divine right)
Kings should be restrained to that which operates only towards the public interest
Rights to freedom, property
Revolution could be justified to oppose unjust rule

19. Absolute Monarchies and Parliamentary Monarchies
Nation-States rule people who share a common culture, and language (unlike former Empires).
Nation-States begin to take on additional welfare-like functions (even though those that need it aren’t represented)