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Chapter 10 Memory & Thought
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Memory The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced.
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The 3 Processes of Memory
Encoding Storage Retrieval 1 2 3
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3 Processes of Memory Encoding:
Storage Retrieval Encoding: The transforming of information so the nervous system can process it.
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3 Processes of Memory Storage:
Encoding Storage Retrieval Storage: The process by which information is maintained over a period of time.
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3 Processes of Memory Retrieval:
Encoding Storage Retrieval Retrieval: The process of obtaining information that has been stored in memory.
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The Three Stages of Memory
Sensory Memory Short-term Memory Long-term Memory 1 2 3
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Three Stages of Memory Sensory memory
Short-term Memory Long-term Memory Sensory memory Very brief memory storage immediately following initial stimulation of a receptor. holds info for a fraction of a second
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Three Stages of Memory Short-term memory
Sensory Memory Short-term Memory Long-term Memory Short-term memory Memory that is limited in capacity to about 7 items, and in duration by the subject’s active rehearsal. holds info for about seconds “Magic # 7”
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Three Stages of Memory Long-term memory
Sensory Memory Short-term Memory Long-term Memory Long-term memory The storage of information over extended periods of time. holds an unlimited amount of info
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Sensory Memory Iconic Memory Echoic Memory Visual sensory memory
Holds visual information for up to a second Echoic Memory Auditory sensory memory Holds auditory information for seconds
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Short-Term Memory Maintenance rehearsal Chunking
A system for remembering that involves repeating information to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it. Chunking The process of grouping items to make them easier to remember.
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Short-Term Memory Primacy-recency effect Working memory
We are better able to recall information presented at the beginning (primacy) and end (recency) of a list. Working memory Another name for short-term memory.
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Types of Long-Term Memory:
Semantic memory Episodic memory Declarative memory Procedural memory
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Long-Term Memory Semantic memory Episodic memory
Knowledge of language, including its rules, words, and meanings. Episodic memory Memory of one’s life, including time of occurrence.
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Long-Term Memory Declarative memory Procedural memory
Memory of knowledge that can be called forth consciously as needed. Procedural memory Memory of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection.
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Review… Memory Task Writing your name Words to the Star Spangled Banner Your friend’s birthday party from last week Tying your shoe What you ate last Thanksgiving Remembering the parts of the limbic system Knowing that the word plane is different from plain, even though they sound the same. Types of Memory A. Declarative B. Episodic C. Semantic D. Procedural
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Answers… 1. D 2. A or C 3. B 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. C
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Retrieving Information
Section 2 Retrieving Information
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Recall vs Recognition Recall – Technique for retrieving memories in which one must reproduce previously presented information. Recognition – Technique for retrieving memories in which a person reconstructs previously learned material.
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State-Dependent Memory
We recall information more easily when we are in the same emotional state as when we originally encoded the information.
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Context-Dependent Memory
Refers to improved recall of information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same.
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PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
Types of Forgetting DECAY PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE REPRESSION AMNESIA INFANT AMNESIA
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DECAY Long-term memories gradually fade in strength over time.
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INTERFERENCE Blockage of a memory by previous or subsequent memories.
Proactive interference Retroactive interference
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INTERFERENCE Proactive interference
When previously stored information prevents the learning and remembering of new information. Retroactive interference When newly learned information prevents the retrieval of previously stored material.
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REPRESSION When a person subconsciously blocks memories of embarrassing or frightening experiences.
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AMNESIA Loss of memory that may occur as a result of traumatic brain injury.
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INFANT AMNESIA The relative lack of early declarative memories.
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Types of Forgetting… Can you guess which type of forgetting is being illustrated in each of the following examples?
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Question 1: Since we are learning new information in Chapter 10, you can’t remember the information from Chapter 9 in as much detail.
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Question 2: Someone who went to Disney World when they were 9 years old is having trouble describing the trip to their friends in high school because the trip took place so many years ago.
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Question 3: Last year in class one of your friends told a really embarrassing story about you in front of all of your friends. You were so embarrassed at the time that you tried not to think about it after it happened. When someone asked you about the incident a week later, you can’t seem to remember any of the details.
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Question 4: You had to change the password on your laptop. After you changed it you kept entering your old password again and again because you couldn’t remember the new one.
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Question 5: John was texting while driving and ran into a telephone poll. He hit his head on the windshield of the car, but he did not appear to be seriously injured. When the ambulance arrived and asked him for his name, he said he couldn’t remember.
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Question 1: Since we are learning new information in Chapter 10, you can’t remember the information from Chapter 9 in as much detail.
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Answer: Retroactive Interference
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Question 2: Someone who went to Disney World when they were 9 years old is having trouble describing the trip to their friends in high school because the trip took place so many years ago.
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Answer: Decay
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Question 3: Last year in class one of your friends told a really embarrassing story about you in front of all of your friends. You were so embarrassed at the time that you tried not to think about it after it happened. When someone asked you about the incident a week later, you can’t seem to remember any of the details.
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Answer: Repression
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Question 4: You had to change the password on your laptop. After you changed it you kept entering your old password again and again because you couldn’t remember the new one.
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Answer: Proactive Interference
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Question 5: John was texting while driving and ran into a telephone poll. He hit his head on the windshield of the car, but he did not appear to be seriously injured. When the ambulance arrived and asked him for his name, he said he couldn’t remember.
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Answer: Amnesia
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What are some examples of mnemonic devices?
Improving Memory Mnemonics – Techniques for improving memory, especially by making connections between new material and information already in long-term memory. What are some examples of mnemonic devices?
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