1. Cell Structure and Function

2. What is a cell? Smallest particle or building block of life
Made up of four elements – (CHON)
Majority of structure is protein
Vary in size (2 micrometers to over a meter)
Shape controls function
Example: white blood cells destroy bacteria

3. What is Cytology? The study of the structure and
the function of cells.

4. What is the main structure of a cell?
Nucleus - contains DNA
Plasma membrane - lipid bilayer barrier that separates the inside with outside environment of the cell
Cytoplasm – cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

5. What are organelles? Found in the cytoplasm Metabolic machinery
Different Types
Endoplasmic reticulum – fluid-filled tubules that twist in cytoplasm (smooth ER vs. rough ER)
Golgi apparatus – flat membranous sac that packages proteins
Mitochondria – sausage-shaped that help make ATP for energy

6. What are the organelles?
Ribosomes – tiny, round proteins that allow protein synthesis
Lysosomes – membrane bags that have digestive enzymes to get rid of foreign substances
Peroxisomes – membranous sacs that use oxygen to get rid of harmful substances
Cytoskeleton – network of protein structures that gives internal framework
Centrioles – rod-shaped bodies that form the mitotic spindle during cell division

7. Cell Structure Drawing

8. Cell Structure Drawing

9. Cell Structure Drawing

10. What are the main functions of the cell?
Metabolize
Digest foods
Get rid of wastes
Reproduce
Grow
Move
Respond to a stimulus (irritability)

11. What are two types of membrane transport?
Passive transport – no energy is needed to transport substances through cell membrane
diffusion – particles that are in random motion and move to an area where there is less particles
filtration – water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid or hydrostatic pressure

12. What are two types of membrane transport?
Active transport – the use of ATP (energy) to move substances across the membrane
solute pumping – the use of protein solute pumps to get substances across membrane
(sodium-potassium pump)
bulk transport – endocytosis (phagocytosis) vs. exocytosis

13. What are the types of diffusion?
Simple diffusion – no assistance is needed to get particles or solutes across the plasma membrane
Osmosis – the movement of water across the plasma membrane
Facilitated diffusion – proteins in the plasma membrane are needed to get certain substances (glucose) across

14. Diffusion Drawings

15. Active Transport Drawing

16. Sodium-Potassium Pump Drawings

17. Bulk Transport Drawing

18. What is cell division? Interphase – cell growth & metabolic activity
Cell division (2 parts)
Mitosis – 4 phases (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
Cytokinesis – division of the cytoplasm to make two daughter cells

19. Mitosis Diagram

20. What is protein synthesis?
Need DNA (genes)
Need RNA
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
Two Steps (2 T’s)
transcription – DNA is copied into mRNA
translation – mRNA is decoded to make proteins

21. Protein Synthesis Diagram