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Chapter 2 THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
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2-3 Carbon Compounds A. The Chemistry of Carbon 1. Carbon has ________________ which means carbon can form _________________ 2. Living organisms are made up of molecules that consist 3. Carbon can bond with itself forming 4 valence electrons 4 covalent bonds. of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur. chains of unlimited length and form, rings, and complex structures.
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B. Macromolecules 1. Macromolecules= 2. Polymerization= 3. Monomers= 4. The _____ groups of organic compounds found in living things are: are giant molecules consisting of smaller molecules. process of joining small molecules to form large molecules small units that form polymers (large molecules) 4 carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids proteins
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2-4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
A. Chemical Reactions =process that changes, or transforms one set of chemicals into another. Always involves changes in chemical bonds. 1. Reactants= 2. Products= elements or compounds that enter a reaction elements or compounds produced by a reaction EXAMPLE: HCl H + Cl
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B. Energy in Reactions Activation Energy= C. Enzymes 1. Catalyst= energy that is needed to get a reaction started a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without changing itself.
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2. Catalysts ___________________________in a chemical reaction.
lower the activation energy Reaction with no enzyme AE without enzyme AE with enzyme reactants Reaction with an enzyme products
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3. ______________ are ___________________ that speed up favorable (spontaneous) reactions.
4. Enzymes _____________ chemical reactions that take place in cells. 5. Enzymes are Enzymes biological catalysts speed up very specific D. Enzyme Action 1. The Enzyme-Substrate Complex a. Enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together to react (increasing the rate of reaction by reducing the activation energy)
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Enzyme Activity Active site=
Figure 2 - 21 Enzyme Action Active site= Site on the enzyme where the substrate attaches Section 2 - 4 Enzyme Glucose (hexokinase) The reactants of a catalyzed reaction Substrates ADP Products Glucose - 6 - ATP phosphate Products are released Substrates bind to enzyme Substrates Enzyme-substrate complex are converted into products
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Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action Enzyme (hexokinase) Substrates Products
Section 2-4 Enzyme (hexokinase) Glucose Substrates ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate ATP Products are released Active site Enzyme-substrate complex Substrates bind to enzyme Substrates are converted into products Go to Section:
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Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action Enzyme (hexokinase) Substrates Products
Section 2-4 Enzyme (hexokinase) Glucose Substrates ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate ATP Products are released Active site Enzyme-substrate complex Substrates bind to enzyme Substrates are converted into products Go to Section:
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Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action Enzyme (hexokinase) Substrates Products
Section 2-4 Enzyme (hexokinase) Glucose Substrates ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate ATP Products are released Active site Enzyme-substrate complex Substrates bind to enzyme Substrates are converted into products Go to Section:
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Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action Enzyme (hexokinase) Substrates Products
Section 2-4 Enzyme (hexokinase) Glucose Substrates ADP Products Glucose-6- phosphate ATP Products are released Active site Enzyme-substrate complex Substrates bind to enzyme Substrates are converted into products Go to Section:
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-Ionic conditions (coenzymes)
b. Enzymes are not 2. Regulation of Enzyme Activity - Enzyme activity depends on environmental factors such as: · (enzymes in the stomach function best around pH=2) · (human enzymes function best around 37°C) consumed in the reaction; after products are formed, the enzyme is recycled. pH temperature -Ionic conditions (coenzymes) -Substrate concentration (greater the concentration the greater the rate of the reaction)
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