1. Preferential Ethanol Consumption in Drosophila Models Features of Addiction 
Anita V. Devineni, Ulrike Heberlein 
Current Biology 
Volume 19, Issue 24, Pages (December 2009)
DOI: /j.cub
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2. Figure 1 Ethanol Preference in Drosophila
(A) Schematic of the ethanol preference assay (not to scale). Flies choose between liquid food containing 0% or 15% ethanol. Each food type is presented in two capillaries to increase the food supply and decrease variability.
(B) Flies consumed a greater amount of 15% ethanol food than nonethanol food in the preference assay (∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance [ANOVA] with Bonferroni posttests, n = 16).
(C) PI calculated from consumption values (see text for formula). PI increased over time (p < 0.01, one-way repeated-measures ANOVA, n = 16).
(D) The concentration of the ethanol-containing food was varied between 5% and 25% ethanol, and PI values on days 1 and 2 and days 4 and 5 were averaged to compare preference at the beginning and end of the assay. PI increased with increasing ethanol concentration at the end (p < 0.05) but not the beginning (p > 0.05) of the assay (one-way ANOVAs, n = 16).
(E) Ethanol concentration in flies during the preference assay was higher than that of control flies that never consumed ethanol (∗p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney test, n = 3–5 samples).
(F) Ethanol concentrations in flies that were starved and then refed for 10 or 60 min in the preference assay were higher than those of control flies that were also starved/refed but not offered ethanol (∗p < 0.05 compared with control, Mann-Whitney tests, n = 3–12 samples).
In this and all other figures, data are represented as mean ± SEM.
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3. Figure 2
Olfactory Attraction and Gustatory Aversion Differentially Influence Ethanol Preference
(A) Flies lacking the third antennal segment had decreased ethanol preference compared with control flies (∗∗∗p < 0.001, two-way repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni posttests, n = 24).
(B) Wild-type flies exhibited positive preference for ethanol in the olfactory trap assay, whereas whir mutants exhibited olfactory repulsion (∗∗∗p < for whir versus control, Student's unpaired t test, n = 12).
(C) whir mutants exhibited positive ethanol preference. whir displayed a trend toward decreased preference compared with the control (p = 0.06, two-way repeated-measures ANOVA, n = 24).
(D) Ethanol diluted in water did not elicit significant PER (p > 0.05 for all concentrations). 100 mM sucrose was used as a positive control and elicited significant PER (∗∗p < 0.01, one-sample t tests, n = 3 experiments).
(E) When added to 100 mM sucrose, ethanol caused a dose-dependent decrease in PER frequency (p < 0.001, one-way repeated-measures ANOVA, n = 3 experiments).
(F) poxn70-23 and poxnΔM22-B5 mutants exhibited ethanol preference similar to the control (p > 0.05, two-way repeated-measures ANOVA, n = 16).
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4. Figure 3 Ethanol Preference in Flies Exhibits Features of Addiction
(A) Over time, naive flies developed ethanol preference when 300 μM quinine was added to the ethanol food throughout the assay. These flies had no preference on days 1–3 (p > 0.05), but had a positive preference on days 4 (p < 0.001) and 5 (p < 0.01). In the absence of ethanol, flies exhibited quinine aversion (p < 0.05 on all days, one-sample t tests, n = 16).
(B) Flies that had been drinking in the preference assay for 5 days continued to exhibit ethanol preference when 300 μM quinine was added to the ethanol food on the sixth day (p < 0.01, one-sample t test, n = 16), though this preference was decreased compared with controls lacking quinine. All three groups are significantly different from each other (∗∗∗p < 0.001, one-way ANOVA with Tukey's posttest, n = 16).
(C) After 5 days of drinking, flies were divided into two groups, one of which was deprived of ethanol access for two intermittent 1 day intervals (shaded). PI of the deprived group differed from the nondeprived group only during the deprivation periods (∗∗∗p < 0.001). Postdeprivation PI did not differ from predeprivation PI (p > 0.05 for day 7 versus day 5 and day 9 versus day 7) or from the nondeprived group (p > 0.05 for day 7 and day 9).
(D) Same as (C) using a single 3 day deprivation (shaded). PI of the deprived group differed from the nondeprived group only during deprivation (∗p < 0.05, ∗∗∗p < 0.001). Postdeprivation PI did not differ from predeprivation PI or from the nondeprived group (p > 0.05).
In (C) and (D), one- or two-way repeated-measures ANOVAs with Bonferroni posttests were used to compare values within the deprived group or between deprived and nondeprived groups, respectively. n = 20 in (C) and n = 10 in (D).
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5. Figure 4 kra Exhibits Defects in Ethanol Preference
(A) kra displayed decreased ethanol preference compared with the control (p < 0.001, two-way repeated-measures ANOVA), which was most pronounced at the beginning of the assay (∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, Bonferroni posttests, n = 25).
(B) The long-term memory mutants drujok, laska, chingis khan, and martik displayed ethanol preference similar to the control (p > 0.05, two-way repeated-measures ANOVA, n = 22).
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