1. Figure 7.1 Transferring subsidiary resources to the multinational
Can be transferred
(not location bound)
Superior to elsewhere
in multinational? no
yes
Recognized by
the multinational? no
Cannot be transferred
(location bound)
yes
Effectively used by
the multinational? no
Figure 7.1
yes
Part of multinational’s
firm-specific advantage
Source: adapted from Birkinshaw et al (1998)

2. Figure 7.2 Correlation in cultural characteristics
Data source: Hofstede (2003); the 30 countries listed in Table 7.4 are depicted.

3. Figure 7.3 Increase in taxes if used to prevent environmental pollution

4. Figure 7.4 Acquisition waves 1895-2012
Source: updated figure provided by McCarthy (2011, p.16).

5. European countries (square) and other countries (circle
Figure 7.5 Distance distribution of IKEA’s first stores over time,
European countries (square) and other countries (circle
Figure 7.5a
Data sources: for first stores, for distances from Almhult to first store locations, and for worldwide average distance to Sweden. Regression lines for European countries significant, for other countries not significant; overall regression significant for cultural distance, not for geographic distance. Average distance from Sweden to 224 other countries is 6826 km; average distance from Almhult to first stores is 3763 km

6. European countries (square) and other countries (circle
Figure 7.5 Distance distribution of IKEA’s first stores over time,
European countries (square) and other countries (circle
Figure 7.5b
Data sources: for first stores, for distances from Almhult to first store locations, and for worldwide average distance to Sweden. Regression lines for European countries significant, for other countries not significant; overall regression significant for cultural distance, not for geographic distance. Average distance from Sweden to 224 other countries is 6826 km; average distance from Almhult to first stores is 3763 km