1. FOREIGN POLICY AND NATIONAL DEFENSE
Chapter 18
FOREIGN POLICY AND
NATIONAL DEFENSE

2. Unilateralism or Multilateralism?
President Bush 2002 “Axis of Evil” speech
New doctrine of preemption
Met with alarm and outrage by America’s allies
Put into practice in March 2003, in Iraq
Sparked domestic and international debate over American unilateralism v. multilateralism

3. Foreign Policy And Democracy: A Contradiction in Terms?
Foreign policy has traditionally been different from domestic policy.
Constitutional power of President as Commander in Chief
Tendency for President to prevail over Congress
Relatively little influence from public opinion, interest groups and other linkage factors
considerations of national interest typically prevail
complexity and remoteness of foreign policy matters
still, public influence has been increasing concerning trade, immigration, global environmental protection, and corporate behavior abroad

4. The Superpower Status of the United States
The collapse of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact
Cold War
reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev
rise of Boris Yeltsin
Disintegration of Soviet Union and collapse of Soviet empire

5. The Structural Bases of American Superpower Status
Economic Power
Military Power
Soft Power

7. Problems of the Post-Cold War World
The Cold War made global matters relatively simple.
Since the end of the Cold War, the world has become much more complex and confusing.
Debate over how to deal with this new world
Unilateralists
Multilateralists

8. New Security Issues Terrorism Weapons of mass destruction
The Middle East
The Indian Subcontinent
China
Ethnic conflicts in the developing world

9. Economic and Social Dilemmas
Globalization has raised a number of issues
Trade
GATT
NAFTA
WTO
Corporate behavior abroad
Intellectual property rights
Global economic instability

10. Economic and Social Dilemmas
Foreign aid
The global environment
The drug trade
Immigration

12. Who Makes Foreign Policy?
Overview
The President and the executive branch are the primary governmental decision makers concerning most foreign policy issues.
Congress is often involved in decisions about foreign trade and aid, military bases and contracts, and other matters that impact on their constituents’ interests.
People and institutions in the political sphere affect what both Congress and the executive branch do.
Different types of foreign policy are made in very different ways.

13. The President and the executive branch
National Security Council (NSC)
Department of State
The Department of Defense (DOD)
Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS)
Intelligence agencies
National Security Agency (NSA)
National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

14. Congress
Congress generally plays a less-active role in foreign policy than in domestic policy.
Constitutional powers
declaration of war
approval of treaties
appointment of ambassadors
investigations
9/11 attacks
occupation of Iraq
appropriation of money for defense and foreign policy

15. Public opinion and the mass media
Public opinion has substantial effects on foreign policymaking.
Yet, the executive branch has considerable leeway; public opinion seldom demands that particular actions be taken in setting foreign policy.
The mass media helps to place issues on the agenda and frame the debate about them.

16. Corporations, interest groups, and social movements
try to influence foreign policy on trade
receive massive defense contracts
Labor unions
Farm organizations
Ethnic interest groups
Israel
Cuba
South Africa
Haiti
Global nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
Greenpeace
Amnesty International