1. Electron transfer in heterogeneous systems
29.3 The electrode-solution interface (Electrical double layer)
Helmholtz layer model

2. Gouy-Chapman Model
This model explains why measurements of the dynamics of electrode processes are almost done using a large excess of supporting electrolyte.
( Why??)

3. The Stern model of the electrode-solution interface
The Helmholtz model overemphasizes the rigidity of the local solution.
The Gouy-Chapman model underemphasizes the rigidity of local solution.
The improved version is the Stern model.

4. The electric potential at the interface
Outer potential
Inner potential
Surface potential
The potential difference between the points in the bulk metal (i.e. electrode) and the bulk solution is the Galvani potential difference which is the electrode potential discussed in chapter 10.

5. The origin of the distance-independence of the outer potential

6. The connection between the Galvani potential difference and the electrode potential
Electrochemical potential (û)
û = u + zFø
Discussions through half-reactions

7. 29.4 The rate of charge transfer
Expressed through flux of products: the amount of material produced over a region of the electrode surface in an interval of time divided by the area of the region and the duration of time interval.
The rate laws
Product flux = k [species]
The rate of reduction of Ox,
vox = kc[Ox]
The rate of oxidation of Red,
vRed = ka[Red]
Cathodic current density:
jc = F kc[Ox] for Ox + e- → Red
ja = F ka[Red] for Red →Ox + e-
the net current density is:
j = ja – jc = F ka[Red] - F kc[Ox]

8. The activation Gibbs energy
Write the rate constant in the form suggested by activated complex theory:
Notably, the activation energies for the catholic abd anodic processes could be different!

9. The Butler-Volmer equation Variation of the Galvani potential difference across the electrode –solution interface

10. The reduction reaction, Ox + e → Red

12. The parameter α is called the transient coefficient and lies in the range 0 to 1.
Based on the above new expressions, the net current density can be expressed
as:

13. The lower overpotential limit
The high overpotential limit