1. Muscles that move the Forearm
Flexors:
biceps brachii (11)
brachialis (14)
brachioradialis(19)
Extensors:
triceps brachii (16-18)
anconeus (33)
Pronators:
pronator teres (22)
pronator quadratus (29)
Supinator:
supinator (34) 1

2. Muscles of the Forearm:11
Anterior compartment:
Muscles are primarily flexors of the wrist and fingers 22 19 23 24
20* 25 28 29 26 2
Figure 10.15a

3. Muscles of the Forearm
The two functional forearm muscle groups are those:
Causing the wrist movement
Move the fingers and the thumb
Most anterior muscles are flexors
Posterior muscles are extensors
The forearm pronator (not flexors):
Pronator teres
Pronator quadratus
The supinator muscle:
A synergist to the biceps brachii in supinating the forearm 3

4. Muscles of the Forearm:19
Posterior Compartment
These muscles are primarily extensors of the wrist and fingers 20 33 21 25 30 32 35 31 37 36 4
Figure 10.16a

5. Muscles of the Forearm:
Posterior Compartment
These muscles are primarily extensors of the wrist and fingers 33 34 35 36 37 5
Figure 10.16b

6. Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
These small muscles:
Lie in the palm of the hand (none on the dorsal side)
Move the metacarpals and fingers
Control precise movements (e.g., threading a needle)
Are the main abductors and adductors of the fingers
Produce opposition – move the thumb toward the little finger 43 42 41 40 35 6

7. Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee Joints
Anterior compartment muscles of the hip and thigh:
Flex the femur at the hip
Extend the leg at the knee
Posterior compartment muscles of the hip and thigh:
Extend the thigh
Flex the leg
The medial compartment muscles:
All adduct the thigh 7

8. Movements of the Thigh at the Hip: Flexion and Extension
The most important thigh flexors are:
The iliopsoas(25)[prime mover]
Tensor fasciae latae (18)
Rectus femoris (20) 8

9. Movements of the Thigh at the Hip: Flexion and Extension
Thigh extension is primarily effected by:
The hamstring muscles:
Biceps femoris (31 &32)
Semitendinosus (30)
Semimembranosus (29)]
Forceful extension is aided by:
The gluteus maximus (11) 9

10. Movements of the Thigh at the Hip: Flexion and Extension25 18 26 24 27 20 28 21 23 10
Figure 10.19a

11. Movements of the Thigh at the Hip: Other movements
Thigh adduction:-
Is the role of the five medially located adductor muscles:
Adductor magnus
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis;
The pectineus
The gracilis
Sartorius assist in thigh flexion

12. Movements of the Thigh at the Hip: Other Movements12
Figure 10.20a

13. Movements of the Thigh at the Hip: Other Movements12 14 13 15 17 16 11 13
Figure 10.20b

14. Movements of the Knee Joint
The sole extensor of the knee is the quadriceps femoris
The hamstring muscles flex the knee, and are antagonists to the quadriceps femoris
KANDEH 14
Figure 10.19a

15. Muscles of the Anterior Compartment
These muscles are the primary toe extensors and ankle dorsiflexors
They include the tibialis anterior (33), extensor digitorum longus (34), extensor hallucis longus (44), and fibularis tertius 15
Figure 10.21a

16. Muscles of the Lateral Compartment
These muscles plantar flex and evert the foot
They include the fibularis longus and fibularis brevis muscles 16
Figure 10.22a

17. Muscles of the Posterior Compartment
These muscles primarily flex the foot and the toes
They include the gastrocnemius (37-8), soleus (39), tibialis posterior (40), flexor digitorum longus (42), and flexor hallucis longus (43 17
Figure 10.23a

18. Muscles of the Posterior Compartment18
Figure 10.23b, c

19. Muscle Actions of the Thigh: Summary
Thigh muscles:
Flex and extend the thigh (posterior compartment)
Extend the leg (anterior compartment)
Adduct the thigh (medial compartment) 19

20. Muscle Actions of the Leg: Summary
Leg muscles:
Plantar flex and evert the foot (lateral compartment)
Plantar flex the foot and flex the toes (posterior compartment)
Dorsiflex the foot and extend the toes (anterior compartment) 20

21. Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
These muscles help flex, extend, abduct, and adduct the toes
There is a single dorsal foot muscle, the extensor digitorum brevis (46), which extends the toes
The plantar muscles occur in four layers 21

22. Plantar Muscles: First Layer (Superficial)
Superficial muscles of the plantar aspect of the foot
These muscles are similar to the corresponding muscles of the hand 43 50 51 48 52 49 47 22
Figure 10.25a

23. Plantar Muscles: Second Layer23
Figure 10.25b

24. Plantar Muscles: Third Layer24
Figure 10.25d

25. Plantar Muscles: Fourth Layer25
Figure 10.25e-f