1. Chapter 12: Crusades and Culture in the Middle Ages

2. The Crusades

3. The Early Crusades
Crusades began with the Byzantine emperor Alexius I who asked for help against fighting the Seljuk Turks
Seljuk Turks- Muslims who had taken control of Asia Minor (the Middle East)
Rallied European warriors and sent them to Jerusalem and the Holy Land
Council of Clermont Pope Urban II asked Christians to take up their weapons and join in a holy war
Pope said all who die will have immediate forgiveness of sins

4. The Crusades
11th and 12th centuries- European Christians carried out a series of military expeditions to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims
A crusade- latin term meaning “cross”
The Crusades- a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land (Jerusalem)

5. Main Goal of the Crusades
Christians wanted to be able to visit the Holy Land of Jerusalem
2 other reasons:
Pope Urban II may have tried to unite Eastern and Western branches of Christianity
For glory of winning the battles

6. 1st Crusade
The purpose was to regain the Holy Lands and capture Jerusalem
Symbol: a cross on a shield
Pope Urban II promises eternal life and forgiveness of all the sins of those who fight in the battles
Difficulty: there was little food and water around the city for the Crusaders
Result: Christians won control over Jerusalem but a few weeks after the battle, Muslim forces to challenge their claim

7. 2nd Crusade
Purpose: trying to gain control over Edessa (a city in the land that was Mesopotamia which is close to the Holy Land)
The Muslims were able to conquer Edessa from the Christians
Result: The Christian Crusaders were unsuccessful in taking back the city

8. 3rd Crusade
Purpose: Saladin (leader of the Muslims) had control over Jerusalem
3 powerful European kings:
Richard the Lionheart of England
Philip II of France
Frederick I (Holy Roman Empire)
King who fought against Saladin: Richard the Lionheart
Results:
Jerusalem remained in the hands of the Muslims. Christian piligrime were allowed to visit holy sites

9. Effects of the Crusades
Political:
Crusades lessened the power of the Pope and increased the power of Europe’s kings
Economic:
Increased trade around Europe and the Middle East
Social:
Allowed for greater cultural diffusion and promoted travel
Religious:
Increased tensions between Muslim and Christian groups

10. Crusades Impact Widespread attacks on the Jews
Jews became the subject of libels, attacks and expulsions
Led to the breakdown of feudalism
Kings strengthened their power
Trade provided a new source of wealth
Cultural diffusion began again
Nation-states emerged including Spain, England, and France

12. Medieval Christianity

13. Papal Monarchy
Catholic Church reached its height of its political power in the 13th century under Pope Innocent III
The Church became a dominant and forceful presence in Europe
Pope gained control of territories in central Italy known as the Papal States
Church was involved in the feudal system
Chief officials of the church, such as bishops and abbots, held their offices as grants from nobles

14. Reform of the Papacy
Secular rulers usually chose nominees to church offices; known as lay investiture
Pope Gregory VII fought this practice
The pope believed that people should be only chosen by God to reform the Church
Pope Gregory VII came into conflict with Henry IV- Holy Roman Emperor who believed the kings should appoint church officials
1075- Pope Gregory issued a decree forbidding secular rulers from giving away church jobs
Decree called Concordat of Worms

15. The Church Supreme
Under Pope Innocent III (13th century)- Catholic Church reached its height of political power
Pope Innocent III believed in papal supremacy
Pope Innocent III used the interdict- forbade giving sacraments of the Church to the people
Goal: Cause the people under interdiction who were deprived of the comforts of religion to exert pressure against their ruler so the Church would have more power

16. Franciscans and Dominicans
Founded by Francis of Assisi
Imprisoned during local war- had a series of dramatic spiritual experiences
Abandoned all worldly good to live and preach in poverty
Followers took vows of absolute poverty
Undertook missionary work
Dominicans:
Founded by a Spanish priest Dominic de Guzman
Wanted to defend the church teachings from heresy- denial of basic Church doctrines

17. The Inquisition
Church called a court to deal with heretics, known as the Inquisition
Those who confessed to heresy performed public penance and received punishment such as flogging

18. Religion in the High Middle Ages
Catholic Church of the High Middle Ages was a crucial part of ordinary people’s lives from birth to death
Sacraments were central to the religion
Ordinary people venerated saints
Many also prayed to relics- bones or other objects connected with saints
Many believed it was necessary to go on a pilgrimage to the city of Jerusalem

19. Culture of the Middle Ages

20. Architecture
11th and 12th centuries witnessed a dramatic building of church in Europe
Cathedrals were primarily built in the Romanesque style
Cathedrals had a long, round, and arched vault ceiling made of ceiling
Extremely heavy; couldn’t add in windows- very dark on the inside
Gothic style- appeared in the 12th centuries
Ribbed vaults, pointed arches
Could make them taller
Flying buttress
Stained glass windows

21. Romanesque

22. Gothic

23. Flying Buttress

24. Universities First university appeared in Bologna, Italy
Students were only men
University of Paris was the first northern European university; then Oxford opened
By Europe had 80 universities
Students began their studies with grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy
Students earned a doctor of law, medicine, or theology
Scholasticism- a medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason
Thomas Aquinas- Summa Theologica

26. Vernacular Literature
Latin was the universal language of medieval civilization
12th century- new literature was being written in the vernacular- language of everyday speech in a particular region