1. How did Europe Change During the Late Middle Ages?
Global History and Geography
10th Grade Boys and Girls
16 May 2019

2. Growth of Town and Middle Class
Growing population and increasing trade gave rise to cities and towns.
The merchants, traders and artisans of the cities became a rising power class- Middle Class (bourgeoisie)
They were called Middle Class because they ranked between the Old Feudal Class and the Peasants.

3. Guilds and Their Importance
A Guild was a type of Business Association Formed by Merchants and Crafts People.
Guilds Protected the interest of their members by doing the following:
Ensured the quality of goods
Provided social services to members
Regulated hours of work and prices of goods.
Ensured the supply of new artisans by training young people[apprentices].

4. Commercial Revolution
With the decline of feudalism new economic system developed in Europe, which is called Capitalism - an economic system in which capital [money] is invested by businessmen to make profit.
The profit depended on the supply and demand
Early capitalists devised new methods to make wealth which gave rise to Commercial revolution

5. New Business Practices
Partnership & Joint Stock Companies
Banking
Insurance
Social Changes
Use of money undermined serfdom and led to the decline of Feudalism
Peasants started paying their feudal lords with money rather than labor.

6. Homework
Questions 1, 2, 5, and 7 on page 301

7. Effects of Reformation
Reformation caused the loss of religious Unity in Western Europe
It also caused the political division
Some rulers chose Catholicism and other chose Protestantism
Religious Conflict
Religious civil wars took place in Germany and France
Spanish Catholics fought English Protestants
30 years war was fought by many European states in the 1600s

8. Rise of Nation-States
After the Renaissance and Reformation Some kings gained power and they started nation-states
Royal Power in France
Hugh Capet and His descendents strengthened French Monarchy by making it hereditary
Started a system of Tax (taille) collection
Had Hundred years war with England over territorial control.
Joan of Arc created French national feelings
Develpoed policies to weaken the power of the nobles and strengthened the power of the monarch

9. Rise of England
1066 William of Normandy took over England after Defeating King Harold in the Batle of Hastings.
He also developed the Jury System
Magna Carta
In 1215 the Nobles rebelled against King John and Forced him to sign the Magna Carta [a charter that limited the power of the King]
His successors Strengthened English Finance and laws
A representative body called Parliament evolved
Henry II: “Common Law” was established
Church of England
He broaden the justice system by having travelling Judges
Henry the VIII broke away from Catholic Church

10. Kings Increased Their Power
Kings of England
Decided who could build castles and where
Forced vassals to obey them
Established common law so that all people could be treated the same
Collected records of who owned property
Kings of France
Made throne hereditary
Became allies with the Church
Organized army
Took French lands from English king
Added to their lands
Set up organized government
Collected taxes
Created a royal treasury
Set up royal courts and royal laws

11. Homework
Prepare a chart to list the actions taken by the following English monarchs
Englisn Monarchs
Their Actions and Achievements
William the Conqueror [of Normandy]
Henry II
King John
Henry VIII
Elizabeth I