1. Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry
Slides 2.21 – 2.40
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

2. Biochemistry: Essentials for Life
Organic compounds
Contain carbon
Most are covalently bonded
Example: C6H12O6 (glucose)
Inorganic compounds
Lack carbon
Tend to be simpler compounds
Example: H2O (water)
Slide 2.21
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3. Important Inorganic Compounds
Water
Most abundant inorganic compounds
Vital properties
High heat capacity
Polarity/solvent properties
Chemical reactivity
Cushioning
Slide 2.22
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4. Important Inorganic Compounds
Salts
Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water
Vital to many body functions
Include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents
Slide 2.23
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5. Important Inorganic Compounds
Acids
Can release detectable hydrogen ions
Bases
Proton acceptors
Neutralization reaction
Acids and bases react to form water and a salt
Slide 2.24
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6. pH Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions pH 7 = neutral
pH below 7 = acidic
pH above 7 = basic
Buffers
Chemicals that can regulate pH change
Figure 2.11
Slide 2.25
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7. Important Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Include sugars and starches
Classified according to size
Monosaccharides – simple sugars
Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis
Polysaccharides – long branching chains of linked simple sugars
Slide 2.26
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8. Carbohydrates Figure 2.12a, b Slide 2.27
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9. Carbohydrates Figure 2.12c Slide 2.28
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10. Important Organic Compounds
Lipids
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen
Insoluble in water
Slide 2.29
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11. Important Organic Compounds
Common lipids in the human body
Neutral fats (triglycerides)
Found in fat deposits
Composed of fatty acids and glycerol
Source of stored energy
Slide 2.30a
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12. Important Organic Compounds
Common lipids in the human body (continued)
Phospholipids
Form cell membranes
Steroids
Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones
Slide 2.30b
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13. Lipids
Figure 2.14a, b
Slide 2.31
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14. Cholesterol Figure 2.14c Slide 2.32
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15. Important Organic Compounds
Proteins
Made of amino acids
Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
Slide 2.33a
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16. Important Organic Compounds
Account for over half of the body’s organic matter
Provides for construction materials for body tissues
Plays a vital role in cell function
Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
Slide 2.33b
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17. Enzymes Act as biological catalysts
Increase the rate of chemical reactions
Figure 2.16
Slide 2.34
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18. Important Organic Compounds
Nucleic Acids
Provide blueprint of life
Nucleotide bases
A = Adenine
G = Guanine
C = Cytosine
T = Thymine
U = Uracil
Make DNA and RNA
Slide 2.35
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19. Important Organic Compounds
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix
Replicates before cell division
Provides instruction for every protein in the body
Figure 2.17c
Slide 2.36
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20. Important Organic Compounds
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Chemical energy used by all cells
Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond
ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels
Slide 2.37
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21. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Figure 2.18a
Slide 2.38
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22. How ATP Drives Cellular Work
Figure 2.19
Slide 2.39
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