1. Capitalism and Culture
Chapter 23 – The Acceleration of Globalization,
1945 to the Present

2. The Transformation of the World Economy
Globalization has been viewed as inevitable since 1950.
Global economic linkages contracted between the two world wars.
The capitalist winners of WWII determined not to repeat the Great Depression.  
Conference at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire in 1944 established the World Bank and the IMF.
Technology (container shipping, oil tankers, air express, and the internet) has also helped accelerate economic globalization.

3. The Transformation of the World Economy (Cont’d)
Major capitalist countries have dropped many controls on economic activity; increasingly viewed the world as a single market: - this approach was known as neo-liberalism. - favored reduction of tariffs, free global movement of capital, and tax and spending cuts. - neo-liberalism was imposed on many poor countries as a condition for giving them loans. - breakdown of communist, state-controlled economies also furthered the process.

4. Reglobization
Global economic transactions quickened dramatically after WWII: - world trade skyrocketed from $57 billion in 1947 to about $16 trillion in money became highly mobile globally.
Foreign direct investment (FDI), especially after 1960: - short-term investment in foreign currencies or stocks. - international credit cards, allowing easy transfer of money to other countries (ex: MasterCard).

5. Money Becomes Mobile

6. Reglobization (Cont’d)
Transnational corporations (TNCs), huge global businesses that operate in many countries simultaneously: - some TNCs have greater economic clout than many countries. - by 2000, 51 of the world’s 100 largest economic units were TNCs, not countries (ex: Nike).
In addition to the movement of money, people are moving around the world in greater numbers. Push factors include: wars, conflict, and ethnic cleansing. Pull factors include: the lure of higher wages or just the promise of employment, freedom, and/or security.

7. Transnational Corporations

8. Growth, Instability, Inequality
Greatest economic growth spurt in world history; immense creation of wealth (total world output grew from a value of $7 trillion in 1950 to $73 trillion in 2009): - life expectancies rose nearly everywhere. - infant mortality declined. - literacy rates increased. - great decline in poverty (more in the past 50 years than in the previous 500).

9. Growth, Instability, Inequality (Cont’d)
Growing inequality between the rich and poor: - ratio between the income of the top and bottom 20% of world’s population was 3:1 in 1820; 86:1 in the great disparity has shaped almost everyone’s life chances. - growing disparities between the developing countries made common action difficult.
The financial crisis in 2008 led to many contracting global economies (ex: U.S., China; Iceland).

10. Growth, Instability, Inequality (Cont’d)
Economic inequality within individual states: - U.S. lost millions of manufacturing jobs. - In China, urban income by 2000 was three times that of rural income.
Movement against globalization emerged in the 1990s: - involves people from both rich and poor countries. - they argue that free-trade, market-driven corporate globalization degrades the environment, enhances global inequality, and favors large corporations. - attracted global attention with mass protests at the World Trade Organization meeting in Seattle (1999).

11. Wealth Inequality in the U.S.A.

12. Globalization and an “American Empire”
Opposition to corporate, free-trade globalization means opposition to growing U.S. power and influence in the world: - often seen as an “American Empire.” - most Americans deny that America is an empire. - arguably, best described as an “informal empire” like those exercised by the Europeans in China and the Middle East in the nineteenth century.

13. Globalization and an “American Empire” (Cont’d)
The collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War left the United States without any equivalent opposing power: - the U.S. was able to act unilaterally against Afghanistan and Iraq after being attacked by Islamic militants on 11 September the U.S. is in a new global struggle, to eliminate Islamic “terrorism.”

14. The Attack on the World Trade Center

15. American Global Influence

16. Globalization and an “American Empire” (Cont’d)
The U.S. has witnessed growing economic competition since the 1980s: - American world production was 50% in 1945, 20% in the 1980s, and 8.1% in a reversal of U.S. trade balance: imports now far exceed its exports.
Armed struggle against U.S. intervention in Vietnam, Cuba, Iraq, Korea, and Afghanistan.
Intense dislike of American “cultural imperialism:” - by the early 2000s, widespread opposition to U.S. international policies.

17. U.S. Trade Deficit

18. Globalization and an “American Empire” (Cont’d)
The global exercise of American power has also caused controversy within the United States: - the Vietnam War split the country worse than anything since the Civil War. - the U.S. invasion of Iraq (2003) provoked similar protests and controversies.

19. Liberation and Feminism
Protests of the 1960’s suggested a global culture of liberation: - In America: civil rights movement; antiwar protests. - In China: the Cultural Revolution.
Development of the idea of a third world, an alternative to Western capitalism and Soviet communism.
Feminism had the most profound potential for change: - rethinking of relationships between men and women. - began in the West in the nineteenth century (suffrage).

20. Montgomery Bus Boycott

21. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

22. Feminism in the West
Feminism revived in the West (1960s) with a new agenda: - argued against historic understanding of women as “other” or deviant sex. - demanded the right of women to control their own bodies. - an agenda of equal rights in employment and education.
Betty Friedan’s book The Feminine Mystique led to “women’s liberation,” a broad attack on patriarchy as a system of domination: - consciousness raising: becoming aware of oppression. - open discussion of issues involving sexuality.
Black women emphasized solidarity with black men, not separation from them.

23. Feminism

24. Feminism in the Global South
Women had been welcomed in communist and revolutionary movements, but were sidelined after movements’ success.
African feminists (1970s) thought Western feminists were too individualistic and too focused on sex: - resented Western feminists’ interest in cultural matters like female circumcision and polygamy. - many African governments and many African men identified feminism with colonialism.

25. Feminism in the Global South (Cont’d)
Not all women’s movements dealt explicitly with gender, but on a wide range of issues: - In Kenya, women’s group movement supported individual women and communities. - In Morocco, the feminist movement targeted law defining women as minors; women finally obtained legal equality in 2004 (divorce; child custody). - In Chile, women’s movement helped groups survive economically, exposed human rights abuses. - In South Korea, women joined a mass popular movement that brought democracy by the late 1980s.

26. International Feminism
The “woman question” became a global issue in the 20th century: - patriarchy lost some of its legitimacy. - the UN declared 1975 as International Women’s Year, and declared 1975–1985 as the Decade for Women. - the UN sponsored a series of World Conferences on Women over the next twenty years. - by 2006, 183 nations had ratified the UN Convention to Eliminate Discrimination against Women.

27. International Feminism (Cont’d)
Sharp divisions within global feminism: - Who has the right to speak on behalf of women? - conflict arose between developed and developing nations’ interests. - third-world groups often disagreed on women’s rights.
Global backlash against aspects of feminism from Catholic and Muslim countries, the Vatican, and (at times) the United States.

28. Religion and Global Modernity
Up until the 20th century, there had been a sharp decline in religious belief and practice in some places.
The spread of scientific culture hurt religion.
Further spread of major world religions, and their attacks on elements of a secular and global modernity.
Buddhist ideas have been well-received in the West: - Christianity spread even further - majority of Christians are no longer in Europe and the United States. - Islam also spread widely.

29. World Religions in 1999

30. Fundamentalism on a Global Scale
“Fundamentalism” is a major reaction against modernization and globalization: - has developed in every major religious tradition.
Many features of the modern world appear threatening to established religion: - upsets class, family, and gender relationships. - often caused by foreigners from the West in the form of military defeat, colonial rule, economic dependency, and cultural intrusion.
It is a religious response, which selectively rejects aspects of modernity.

31. Fundamentalism (Cont’d)
“Fundamentalism” comes from U.S. religious conservatives in the early twentieth century; called for a return to the fundamentals of Christianity: - U.S. viewed as being on the edge of a moral abyss. - in the 1970s, began to enter the political arena as the “religious right.”
Hindutva movement and the Bharatiya Janata Party: In India, this party reacted to perceived secularization and to a perceived Islamic threat, becoming a major political force in the 1980s and 1990s.

32. Resistance and Renewal in the World of Islam
Penetration of fundamentalist thought in the Islamic world: - increase in religious observance. - many women voluntarily adopted modest dress and veils. - governments used Islamic rhetoric.
Attacks on hostile foreign powers: - Hamas (Palestine) and Hezbollah (Lebanon) target Israel. - Osama bin Laden founded al-Qaeda (the base) in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979). - in 1998, al-Qaeda issued a fatwa (religious edict) declaring war against America.
The “great enemy” was irreligious Western-style modernity, U.S. imperialism, and economic globalization.

33. Osama bin Laden

34. Hamas Fighters

35. 21st Century Islamic World

36. Religious Alternatives to Fundamentalism
Democracy and Islamic parties: many countries have moderate Muslim parties that participate and done well in electoral politics.
Turkey’s Gulen movement: this Sufi movement encourages interfaith dialogue about social problems.
Liberation theology and socially engaged Buddhism: this Christian (St. John Paul II) and Buddhist (the Dalai Lama) movement urges the pious to address issues of poverty and inequality.

37. The Global Environment Transformed
Factors have magnified the human impact on the earth’s ecological systems: - the world population quadrupled in the twentieth century: from 1.6 billion in 1900 to 7 billion in 2012, putting huge strain on the planet’s environment. - massive use of fossil fuels (coal, oil; natural gas). - enormous economic growth, medical and sanitation advances, and the Green Revolution.
Uneven spread of all three over the world: - economic growth came to appear possible and desirable almost everywhere.

38. The Global Environment Transformed (Cont’d)
Human environmental disruptions are now of global proportions: - the doubling of cropland and corresponding contraction of forests and grasslands. - numerous extinctions of plant and animal species. - air pollution in many major cities and rivers. - chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) thinned the ozone layer.
By 2000, scientific consensus on the occurrence of “global warming” as the result of burning of fossil fuels and loss of trees.

39. Global Warming Political Cartoon

40. Ecological Footprints

41. Green and Global
Environmentalism began in the nineteenth century as a response to the Industrial Revolution, but did not draw a mass following: - became popular in second half of 20th century following the publication of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring which exposed chemical contamination. - it entered German politics as the Green Party.
Environmentalism took root in developing countries in the 1970s–1980s: - more locally based, involving poorer people. - concerned with food security, health, and survival.

42. Green and Global (Cont’d)
Environmentalism became a matter of global concern by the end of the twentieth century: - legislation to control pollution in many countries. - encouragement for businesses to become “green.” - research on alternative energy sources. - conferences on global warming. - international agreements on a number of issues.